Тема № 2:Менеджмент.

Текст №1

Management

Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources.

Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to 'manage' oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage others.

The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle — especially tools), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Some definitions of management are:

• Organization and coordination of the activities of an enterprise in accordance with certain policies and in achievement of clearly defined objectives. Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909–2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation.

• Directors and managers have the power and responsibility to make decisions to manage an enterprise when given the authority by the shareholders. As a discipline, management comprises the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the firm's resources to achieve the policy's objectives. The size of management can range from one person in a small firm to hundreds or thousands of managers in multinational companies. In large firms the board of directors formulates the policy which is implemented by the chief executive officer.

Задание 1.

1.1.Определите, является утверждение:

Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

1.2.Определите, является утверждение:

Management means to manage oneself.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

1.3.Определите, является утверждение:

Management is not widespread in business and organizational activities.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

Задание 2.

Укажите, какой части текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая информация:

Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money.

Задание 3.

Ответьте на вопрос:

What is management?

a. a factor of production

b. formulating corporate policy

c. the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals

Текст №2

Historical development of strategic management.

The strategic management discipline originated in the 1950s and 1960s. Among the numerous early contributors, the most influential were Alfred Chandler, Philip Selznick, Igor Ansoff, and Peter Drucker. The discipline draws from earlier thinking and texts on 'strategy' dating back thousands of years.

Alfred Chandler recognized the importance of coordinating management activity under an all-encompassing strategy. Interactions between functions were typically handled by managers who relayed information back and forth between departments. Chandler stressed the importance of taking a long term perspective when looking to the future. In his 1962 ground breaking work Strategy and Structure, Chandler showed that a long-term coordinated strategy was necessary to give a company structure, direction and focus. He says it concisely, “structure follows strategy.”

In 1957, Philip Selznick formalized the idea of matching the organization's internal factors with external environmental circumstances. Strengths and weaknesses of the firm are assessed in light of the opportunities and threats in the business environment.

Igor Ansoff built on Chandler's work by adding concepts and inventing a vocabulary. He developed a grid that compared strategies for market penetration, product development, market development and horizontal and vertical integration and diversification. He felt that management could use the grid to systematically prepare for the future. In his 1965 classic Corporate Strategy, he developed gap analysis to clarify the gap between the current reality and the goals and to develop what he called “gap reducing actions”.

Peter Drucker was a prolific strategy theorist, author of dozens of management books, with a career spanning five decades. He stressed the value of managing by targeting well-defined objectives. According to Drucker, the procedure of setting objectives and monitoring progress towards them should permeate the entire organization.

Strategy theorist Michael Porter argued that strategy target either cost leadership, differentiation, or focus. These are known as Porter's three generic strategies and can be applied to any size or form of business. Porter claimed that a company must only choose one of the three or risk that the business would waste precious resources. W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne countered that an organization can achieve high growth and profits by creating a Blue Ocean Strategy that breaks the trade off by pursuing both differentiation and low cost.

Задание 1.

1.1. Определите, является утверждение:

A Blue Ocean Strategy breaks the trade off by pursuing both differentiation and low cost.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. тексте нет информации

1.2. Определите, является утверждение:

Classic Corporate Strategy doesn’t clarify the gap between the current reality and the goals.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. тексте нет информации

1.3. Определите, является утверждение:

Historical development of strategic management began thousands of years ago.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. тексте нет информации

Задание 2.

Укажите, какой части текста (1,2,3,4,5,6) соответствует следующая информация:

The importance of coordinating management activity under an all-encompassing strategy was recognized by Alfred Chandler.

Peter Drucker stressed the value of managing by targeting well-defined objectives.

Porter's three generic strategies and can be applied to any size or form of business.

Задание 3.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. Who contributed to historical development of strategic management?

a. Aristotle, Beasley

b. Alfred Chandler, Philip Selznick, Igor Ansoff, and Peter Drucker

2. What did Chandler stress?

a. differentiation and low cost

b. the importance of taking a long term perspective

c. the value of managing by targeting well-defined objectives

3. Who formalized the idea of matching the organization's internal factors with external environmental circumstances?

a. Chandler

b. Philip Selznick

c. Igor Ansoff