Прочтите и переведите текст и уточните разницу в употреблении слов scholar и scientist

1. When Newton was twenty-one years old he came under the influenceof an old man named Isaac Barrow. Professor Barrow had beenrecently appointed to the university's famous Lucasian Chair of Mathematics, named after Henry Lucas who provided the money to endow the professorship. Barrow soon saw that Isaac Newton showed unusualtalent as a scientist–or "natural philosopher" as scientists were called inNewton's time. Barrow befriended and encouraged young Newton.

2. Barrow was astonished at the young man's quick progress. Later, when Barrow was to publish his lectures on optics, he turned to hisbrilliant student for help. It was also Barrow who saw that Newton had agenius for mathematics, and urged him really to study Euclid's geometry.

3. Isaac's mind was also busy with refraction or the bending of light. He was experimenting with his lenses and thinking about things Professor Barrow told him. Ever since his school days, Isaac had been an experimenter, who liked to put his thoughts to proof. He wanted particularly to understand the events that took place naturally in the world around him – motions of planets and comets, the changing of the tides, the beautiful colours in soap bubbles, the resistance of the air, the laws of motion, and the transmitting or changing of one metal into another.

4. Things in nature behaved either in certain ways, or they didn't, Isaac decided. If one thing didn't work, perhaps another would. Supplied with books and scientific equipment at Trinity Newton began experimenting. And for relaxation, he always turned to alchemy – the recombining of one natural substance into another – which, while it was not a science, was the forerunner of modern chemistry.

5. Cambridge at this time was not considered the most advanced centre of English mathematics. Scientists – or "Natural philosophers" – felt that more progress was being made by scholars in London and at Oxford. In a short time, however, the quiet student from Woolsthorpe was to bring the highest mathematical honour to his own university.

6. Early in the year 1665, just a few months before he was to take his Bachelor of Arts degree, Isaac worked out a basic formula, or rule,which has been used ever since in mathematics. Today we call it "the binomial theorem". A binomial is any two numbers connected by the plus (+) sign or minus (–) sign.

7. Sometimes, in figuring scientific or mathematical problems, binomials have to be multiplied by themselves many, many times. Multiplications like this – of which Newton had to do many – are very complicated. They could cover sheets and sheets of paper were it not for Isaac Newton's rule. It looks difficult, but scientists with an understanding of mathematics substitute the numbers they have for the letters, and follow the multiplication signs and the plus and minus signs of the formula. By so doing, they can get correct answers to their problems simply and quickly – without covering all those sheets of paper.

8. The binomial theorem works for all numbers (as long as they are in a binomial) and it may be used not just in multiplying a number in itself, but in multiplying anything – the number of stars in a galaxy, the number of atoms in a molecule. Moreover, it may be employed to reach answers beyond our understanding, their numbers are so large.

Примечания

1. to endow the professorship – учредить должность профессора

2. Trinity – колледж Св. Троицы в Кембридже

3. Bachelor of Arts degree – ученая степень бакалавра в области гуманитарных и математических наук

4. were it not for – если бы не

5. as long as they are in a binomial – входящих в бином

2.1.3 Прочтите четвертый абзац текста и скажите, какие проблемы интересовали Ньютона (используйте слова tide, light, soap, air, metal, comet)