Communicative competence as a goal of the FLT

Communicative competence is a main objective in communicative teaching.

Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.

The term was coined by Dell Hymes [16] in 1966, reacting against the perceived inadequacy of Noam Chomsky's [6] distinction between competence and performance.

To address N. Chomsky's abstract notion of competence, D. Hymes undertook ethnographic exploration of communicative competence that included "communicative form and function in integral relation to each other”. The approach pioneered by D. Hymes is now known as the ethnography of communication.

Debate has occurred regarding linguistic competence and communicative competence in the second and foreign language teaching literature, and scholars have found communicative competence as a superior model of language following D. Hymes' opposition to N. Chomsky's linguistic competence. This opposition has been adopted by those who seek new directions toward a communicative era by taking for granted the basic motives and the appropriateness of this opposition behind the development of communicative competence.

Language teaching in the United States is based on the idea that the goal of language acquisition is communicative competence: the ability to use the languagecorrectly and appropriately to accomplish communication goals [17; 74]. The desired outcome of the language learning process is the ability to communicate competently, not the ability to use the language exactly as a native speaker does.

In the early stages of language learning, instructors and students may want to keep in mind the goal of communicative efficiency: learners should be able to make themselves understood, using their current proficiency to the fullest. They should try to avoid confusion in the message (due to faulty pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary); to avoid offending communication partners (due to socially inappropriate style); and to use strategies for recognizing and managing communication breakdowns.

Through the influence of communicative language teaching, it has become widely accepted that communicative competence should be the goal of language education, central to good classroom practice. This is in contrast to previous views in which grammatical competence was commonly given top priority.

Communicative competence is made up of four competence areas: linguistic, sociolinguistic, discourse, and strategic. (see Appendix A)

· Linguistic competence is knowing how to use the grammar, syntax, and vocabulary of a language. Linguistic competence asks: What words do I use? How do I put them into phrases and sentences?

· Sociolinguistic competence is knowing how to use and respond to language appropriately, given the setting, the topic, and the relationships among the people communicating. Sociolinguistic competence asks: Which words and phrases fit this setting and this topic? How can I express a specific attitude (courtesy, authority, friendliness, respect) when I need to? How do I know what attitude another person is expressing?

· Discourse competence is knowing how to interpret the larger context and how to construct longer stretches of language so that the parts make up a coherent whole. Discourse competence asks: How are words, phrases and sentences put together to create conversations, speeches, email messages, newspaper articles?

· Strategic competence is knowing how to recognize and repair communication breakdowns, how to work around gaps in one's knowledge of the language, and how to learn more about the language and in the context. Strategic competence asks: How do I know when I've misunderstood or when someone has misunderstood me? What do I say then? How can I express my ideas if I don't know the name of something or the right verb form to use? [18; 103]

Thus, we can see that t he modules in this section identify eight aspects of communicative competence. They are grouped together in two groups of four:

Ш Linguistic aspects:

- Phonology and orthography

- Grammar

- Vocabulary

- Discourse (textual)

Ш Pragmatic aspects:

- Functional aspect

- Sociolinguistic aspect)

- Interactional skills

- Cultural framework [19]