Types of rocks

Sedimentary rocks are formed from particles of sand, shells, pebbles, and other fragments of material. Together, all these particles are called sediment. Gradually, the sediment accumulates in layers and over a long period of time hardens into rock. Generally, sedimentary rock is fairly soft and may break apart or crumble easily. You can often see sand, pebbles, or stones in the rock, and it is usually the only type that contains fossils.

Metamorphic rocks are formed under the surface of the earth from the metamorphosis (change) that occurs due to intense heat and pressure (squeezing). The rocks that result from these processes often have ribbonlike layers and may have shiny crystals, formed by minerals growing slowly over time, on their surface

Igneous rocks are formed from melted rock that has cooled and solidified. When rocks are buried deep within the Earth, they melt because of the high pressure and temperature; the molten rock (called magma) can then flow upward or even be erupted from a volcano onto the Earth's surface. When magma cools slowly, usually at depths of thousands of feet, crystals grow from the molten liquid, and a coarse-grained rock forms. When magma cools rapidly, usually at or near the Earth's surface, the crystals are extremely small, and a fine-grained rock results.

Составьте план к тексту в форме простых предложений.

Вариант 4

1) Обозначьте словообразовательные элементы в следующих словах. Словапереведите:

1. aqueous, 2. scientific, 3. mainly, 4. subsurface, 5. precipitate, 6. geophysical, 7. volcanism, 8. watery.

2) Подчеркните двойные союзы. Предложения переведите на русский язык:

1. Technological development throughout the 19th and 20th centuries helped both to improve the safety of colliers and the productive capacity of collieries they worked.

2. Either of methods is appropriate in this case.

3. For sulfide ores, both secondary (supergene) and primary (unweathered), froth flotation is used to physically separate ore from gangue.

4. You can use either underground mining or surface mining to extract coal.

3) Употребите глагол ’tohave’ в нужной форме. Предложения переведите на русский язык:

1. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia (to have) struggled to maintain its ailing mineral industry.

2. Deep-vein miners (to have) to deal with a number of difficult problems, including drainage, ventilation, lighting, and safety.

3. The Siberian-Urals Aluminium Company (to have) begun construction of Sredne-Timan bauxite field.

4. He told that he (to have) studied mining in Germany.

4) Подчеркните сказуемые в следующих предложениях. Предложения переведите на русский язык и к предложениям в страдательном залоге задайте общий вопрос:

1. Both extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks are derived from magmas.

2. The folded and broken layers indicate the rock has undergone deformation during mountain-building.

3. Gold has been discovered on every continent on earth.

4. The reserve base are being diminished rapidly in the country.

5. People are always attracted towards gold mining thinking about lots of money.

6. As with other commodities in Russia, lead and zinc are being rapidly depleted.

7. The largest gold mine is present in Papua, Indonesia.

8. The Emerald is one of the most well known and most attractive gemstone available.

5) Подчеркните модальные глаголы и их заменители в следующих предложениях. Предложенияпереведитенарусскийязык:

1. Seismic data are to be used to determine in which direction rocks first moved along a fault during an earthquake.

2. Nowadays geologists are unable to explain why glaciers form, advance, and retreat.

3. An analysis of push-pull data can generate two possible fault orientations that fit the first-motion data.

4. Glaciers can move more than 15 meters a day.

5. You should study the question before the experiment.

6. As a submarine lava flow cools, blobs of lava may break through the exterior and harden immediately in the cold water.

7. He might have helped us to take the measurements.

8. The students will be allowed to choose the topic for their further research.

6) Переведите текст на русский язык со словарем: