Exercises

Ex.1. Translate the pairs of words. Pay attention to the verb-forming suffix –en:

1. Sweet – sweeten 6. short - shorten

2. wide – widen 7. deep - deepen

3. black – blacken 8. fat - fatten

4. red – redden 9. length - lengthen

5. light – lighten 10.strength - strengthen

Ex.2. a) Add the suffixes -less and -ful to each of the nouns below and translate. Mind the change of the meaning:

Colour, pain, use, rest, hope, harm, help, taste.

b) with these words you can only use the suffix -less. Add the suffix and translate:

water, work, home, odour, tree, cloud, end.

Ex.3. Put the words below into the correct column according to the part of speech:

Essential, usually, chemical, proportion, complexity, different, classification, important, theoretically, elimination, vitally, structural, importance, typical, differ, enormously, sweeten, soluble, sulphuric, reversible, cardiac, dependent, synthesize, unable, practice, assimilate, hydrolyze, hydrolysis.

Ex.4. Translate the following groups of Participles:

Including, included; finding, found; deriving, derived, if derived; using, used, when used, when using; treating, treated, if treated; feeding, when (while) feeding, fed, when (if) fed;

Following the acid, followed by the acid; referring to the book, referred to above, referred to as sugars; acting upon, acted upon; unaffecting, unaffected by the X-rays; when showing the graphs, Mr. Blake said…, when shown the graphs, Mr. Blake said….

Ex.5. Translate the sentences below. Mind the participles:

1. When evaporated to dryness, the solid matter contains sodium chloride and organic matter.

2. Rain-water if collected near the sea contains sodium chloride.

3. An ester may be completely hydrolyzed if heated with water.

4. When taken together, the petals of the flower are referred to as the corolla (бот. вінчик, венчик.).

5. Many plant tissues yield colloidal solutions when boiled with water in the presence of sugars.

6. Powdered ergot (бот. ріжки, спорынья.) when treated with sodium hydroxide solution develops a strong odour of trimethylamine.

7. If powdered and not immediately defatted, ergot loses its activity.

8. On the one hand soft elastic capsules are intended for the administration of oily liquids, on the other hand they may contain solids combined with liquids.

Ex. 6. Find the English equivalents in the text:

На протязі багатьох років; найважливіша складова частина; існує інша точка зору; різних ступенів складності; шляхом конденсації з видаленням води; життєво важлива роль; одне з головних джерел харчування; тростинний і буряковий цукор; легкорозчинні, солодкі на смак і кристалічні за будовою; синтезуються в рослинах із цукрових структурних ланок; серцеві глікозиди; рамноза, дигітоксоза і цимароза; вибухові речовини; пивоваріння; роблячи його більш прийнятним для прийому пацієнтами; з іншого боку; його годують через кровообіг; картопляний або кукурудзяний крохмаль; при ферментації.

Ex.7. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false statements:

1. Proteins are the most important constituents of the living matter.

2. Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

3. Pentoses and hexoses are the most important sugars in the group of monosaccharides.

4. Polysaccharides are derived from two, three or four monosaccharide molecules of water.

5. Carbohydrates serve as structural elements and a sourse of food for plants, animals and humans.

6. Deoxy sugars such as rhamnose, digitoxose and cymarose are the most widely used in pharmacy and medicine.

7. When a person is unable to take food normally, he is fed through his bloodstream by injections of glucose.

8. Glucose is formed when the potato or maize starch is boiled with water.

Ex.8. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What are the three whales, on which the life is based?

2. What elements do carbohydrates contain?

3. In what proportions are hydrogen and oxygen present in carbohydrates?

4. In what groups do all carbohydrates fall?

5. Why are carbohydrates so important?

6. What are the typical representatives of this group?

7. In what way do the properties of carbohydrates differ?

8. What property is characteristic of all carbohydrates?

9. Which carbohydrates can be hydrolyzed when boiled with a little dilute acid?

10. What sugars are rarely found in nature?

11. What industries are dependent on carbohydrate material?

12. In what way is glucose used in medicine?

13. How can glucose be manufactured?