Exercises. Ex.1. Translate the following word combinations:

Ex.1. Translate the following word combinations:

Prevention programs, the number of, for a long time, from the 18^th century until the early20^th century, thirteen years later, in addition, the person’s, to be responsible for, multidrugs.

Ex.2. Find the point of synonyms and remember them:

Sanatorium, to affect, to treat, drug, disease, influence, hospital, to cure, medicine, bacillus, sickness, bacterium, eventually, to diagnose, by chance, completely, by accident, to examine.

Ex.3. Find the point of antonyms and remember them:

To appear, ancient, death, afficially, past, life, inofficially, modern, to disappear, future, affective, resistant, cheap, final, expensive, non-resistant, non-effective, easy, difficult.

Ex.4. Remember the singular and plural number of the following nouns:

singularplural

Bacillus [bə’siləs] Bacilli [bə’sili]

Diagnosis [,daiəg’nousis] Diognoses [,daiog’nous:z]

Bacterium [bək’terium] Bacteria [bək’teriə]

Phenomenon Phenomena

Analysis Analyses

Ex.5. Form Participle I (Active and Passive) from the following verbs according to the model:

Model: to build – building – being built.

To kill, to write, to lead, to make, to fund, to send, to live, to fit, to treat, to diagnose.

Ex.6. Form Participle II from the following verbs according to the model:

Model: to give – given, to create – created.

To affect, to attack, to rule, to show, to make, to have, to cure, to be, to locate, to find, to dry, to begin, to call, to escape, to cost, to take.

Ex.7. Complete the sentences according to the model:

Model: 1. Examining this substance under the microscope the scientist…

2. Examining this substance under the microscope the scientist found many impurities.

1. Examining the disease Robert Koch …

2. Discovering X-rays Wilhelm Rontgen…

3. Studying the tubercular bacilli French scientists …

4. Reading the text the students …

5. Discovering streptomycin the doctors …

6. Speaking to the students the teacher …

Ex.8. Open the brackets choosing the correct forms of the Participles:

1. The bacillus (being, been) responsible for the disease was announced in 1882.

2. X-rays (discovered, discovering) thirteen years later could scan the lungs of living persons.

3. (Investigated, investigating, having investigated) this disease the doctors can make some important conclusions.

4. The new antibiotic (discovered, discovering) in the USA was effective against TB.

5. The TB bacilli (imprisoned, having imprisoned, imprisoning) within cells are called macrophages.

6. The investigation of this antibiotic (followed, following) by many experiments was of great importance.

7. The work (doing, done) by these doctors resulted in many new discoveries.

8. The patients (treating, treated) with anti-TB drugs could be cured even in their own homes.

9. The AIDS virus (involving, involved) can be the cause of IB infection.

10. The number of poor people (growing, grown) in the cities is one of the reemergence of IB.

Ex.9. Choose the Ukrainian equivalents from the right column:

both … and – приводити

to be responsible for – проти

during – повернення

comeback – бути відповідальним за

to result in – на протязі

against – на додаток

in addition – як … так і

Ex.10. Choose the right answer

1. Whom did tuberculosis affect before Europeans sailed to South America?

a) the Incas of Peru;

b) the Africans;

c) the Asians.

2. Whom did TB stalk in ancient Babylon, Greece and China?

a) both great and small;

b) the poorest people;

c) the rich people.

3. What disease was the leading cause of death in the Western world from the

18th century until the early 20th century?

a) aids;

b) cancer;

c) tuberculosis.

4. Who officially announced his discovery of the bacillus responsible for the disease?

a) Louis Pasteur;

b) John Smith;

c) Robert Koch.

5. When did Wilhelm Rontgen discover X-rays, making it possible to scan the lungs of living person for signs of tubercular lesions?

a) thirteen years later;

b) in the same year;

c) 10 years later.

6. Where did physicians send TB patients?

a) to specialized hospitals;

b) to sanatoriums;

c) to rest-homes.

7. What year did TB begin to make a dreadful and deadly comeback?

a) in 1920;

b) in 1950;

c) in the mid-1980's.

8. How many people are already infected with TB bacillus, a type of bacterium?

a) up to two billion people;

b) one million people;

c) there million people.

9. What threatens to make the disease incurable again?

a) superstraints;

b) new antibiotics;

c) absence of proper medicines.

10. How many people worldwide may be infected with drug-resistant strains of TB?

a) 100 million people;

b) 50 million people;

c) 20 million people;

Unit 12 Grammar: The Absolute Participle Construction

Pre-text exercise. Remember the following words and word

combinations. Practise the reading them.

1. in addition to [ә’di∫n] – на додаток до, до того ж, крім того.

2. to be essential [I’sen∫әl] – бути необхідним, дуже важливим, цінним, невід’ємним.

3. occur [ә’kә:] – зустрічатися, попадатися, траплятися, відбуватися.

4. eventnally [I’ventjuәli] – можливо, в кінці кінців, в кінцевому рахунку.

5. to result in [ri’zΛlt] – приводиться (до).

6. malnutrition [‘mæl,nju:’tri∫әn] – недоїдання, неправильне харчування.

7. according to [ә’ko:diŋ] – відповідно; за твердженням, на думку.

8. tissue [‘tisju:] – тканина (біол.)

9. maintenance [‘meintinəns] – підтримка, збереження, утримання, засоби для існування.

10.non-saponifiable [‘nonsa’poniəbl] – (хім.) неомилюваний (to

saponify - милитися).

11.ester [‘estə] – ефір (хім.)

Vitamins

In addition to carbohydrates, fats, proteins, mineral salts, and water, it is essential that the food of man and animals contain small amounts of organic substances called vitamins. If anyone of some fifteen or more of these compounds is lacking in the diet, there occurs eventually a breakdown of the normal metabolic pro­cesses that results in symptoms of malnutrition that are classed as the deficiency diseases.

"Vitamins belong to ancient elementary organic compounds and existed before life originated on Earth," said Academician R. Chagovets of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. According to his theory vitamins took part in the building up of primary organisms together with such "blocks" of live matter as nucleic acids, proteins, and aminoacids.

The vitamins are unlike each other in chemical composition and their function in nature. They are alike only in that they cannot be synthesized in the tissues of animals. The functions they per­form fall into two categories, the maintenance of normal structural and of normal metabolic functions. For example, vitamin A is essen­tial for the maintenance of normal epithelial tissue; vitamin D functions in the absorption of normal bone salts for the formation and growth of a bony structure. Certain vitamins of the water soluble group, among them thiamine, etc., are known to be essential constituents of the respiratory enzymes that are required in the utilization of energy from oxidative catabolism of sugars.

Vitamin A is an unsaturated cyclic alcohol. It is synthesized by at least three separate processes. It has been concentrated and isolated from the non-saponifiable fraction of animal fats and fish liver oils. The vitamin is present in fish oils, both in the free alcohol and in the ester form. The source of all vitamin A is in the carotenoid pigments, the yellow-coloured compounds occurring in all chlorophyll-containing plants.

In pure form it is pale yellow oil, soluble in fat solvents, having a ultra-violet absorption spectrum. The ester forms of the vitamin have been found to possess greater stability than the free alcohol.