To classify to identify

to collect to prepare

to combine to prescribe

to compose to preserve

to describe to purify

to deteriorate to transform

to distribute

Ex. 2. Find the English equivalents in the text:

Розглядає лікарські речовини; спосіб складання і фасування; складаються, фасуються та продаються; науково і професійно; заняття фармацевтичною практикою; як прописано лікарем; готовий продукт; висока професійна майстерність; набути знання; склад речовини; яких вона зазнає; кількісний аналіз; розповсюдження рослин; рослинне та тваринне походження; список лікарських речовин; фармакопейні назви; хімічний склад; фізичні характеристики; при подрібненні та розтиранні на порошок; результат дії повітря; пакування та зберігання.

Ex.3. Find the pairs of synonyms in the following group of words and translate them:

Drug, substance, to deal with, main, branches, change, to obtain, to study, to demand, different, basic, transformation, to require, to acquire, medicine, fields, matter, various.

Ex.4. Find the pairs of antonyms in the following group of words and translate them:

Sold, minor, deterioration, to give, different, improvement, to accelerate, organic, similar, capable.

Ex.5. Make the subject of the sentences plural and change the verb accordingly. Make other changes:

Example: I am interested in Botany. → We are interested in Botany.

1. The pharmacist is capable of being engaged in pharmacy.

2. The drug was prescribed by a physician.

3. High professional skill is necessary for compounding medicines.

4. The result of the experiment is very important for us.

5. I am a student of the Pharmaceutical Department.

6. He was my best friend.

7. The ready product is put into a prescription container.

Ex.6. In the following sentences, use the verb to be in the past and the future. Translate:

1. It is important to acquire deep knowledge of special subjects.

2. It is necessary to revise the State pharmacopoeia every year.

3. It is easy to put the ready product into a prescription container.

4. It is not always possible to prevent the deterioration of medicines.

5. It is useful for us to know physics.

Ex.7. Ask the questions and give the short answers:

Example: There is a good library in our University.(a gym?)→ Is there a good gym in our University? Yes, there is / No, there isn’t.

1. There are books on Physical Chemistry on the shelf. (Analytical Chemistry?)

2. There is a definition of pharmacology in this book. (Pharmacognozy?)

3. There are medicines made abroad in this pharmacy. (Made in Ukraine?)

4. There are new methods of packaging medicines. (Storing medicines?)

5. There is an official description of aspirin in the pharmacopoeia. (Izoniazid?)

Ex.8. Re –arrange the headings to make up a plan of the text:

1. What is a pharmacopoeia?

2. Compounding and dispensing of medicines.

3. The definition of Botany.

4. The two meanings of the word pharmacy.

5. The official description of a drug.

6. How is Pharmacology defined?

7. Pharmacognozy is a special subject.

8. The knowledge of Chemistry is necessary for a pharmacist.

Ex.9. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What does pharmacy deal with?

2. What does the science of pharmacy study?

3. What is the other meaning of the word pharmacy?

4. What is a pharmacist capable of?

5. What subjects must a pharmacist know?

6. What is the definition of Chemistry?

7. What branches does Chemistry have?

8. What is the definition of Pharmacognozy?

9. How can we define pharmacology?

10. What is Pharmacopoeia?

11. What does an official description consist of?

12. Are you a student of the Pharmaceutical Department?

13. What will you be when you finish studying?

Ex.10. Match a line in A with a line in B and translate.

Unit 2 Grammar: 1. Present Indefinite Active.

2.Слова-замінники іменників

one/ ones, that/ those

Remember the following words and word combinations:

1. earth [‘ə:θ] 1.excessive [ik’sesiv]

2. vapour [‘vəipə] 2. amount [ə ‘maunt]

3. constituent [kəns’titjuənt] 3. soluble [‘soljubl]

4. occur [ə’kə:] 4. fit [fıt]

5. abundantly [ə’bΛndəntli] 5. pure [‘pjuə]

6. tissue [‘tisju] 6. domestic [do’mestic]

7. dissolved [di’zolvd] 7. salt [so:lt]

8. average [‘ævəridЗ] 8. clay [kleı]

9. sodium [‘soudjәm] 9. sewage [‘sju:idЗ]

10. potassium [pә’tæsjəm] 10. mineral [‘minərəl]

Water

Liquid water covers about three quarters of the earth’s surface. In vapour form., water is also an important constituent of the earth’s atmosphere.

In combined form, water occurs abundantly in minerals such as gypsum. In addition, water occurs in animal and vegetable tissues. It constitutes some 70 per cent of the human body and over 90 per cent of some vegetables.

Natural waters often contain dissolved mineral substances. Thus we have mineral waters in which the total mineral content is significantly above the average. Alkaline waters, for example, contain unusual quantities of sodium, calcium, or potassium bicarbonate. Carbonated waters contain carbon dioxide dissolved under conditions of excessive pressure, either natural or artificial¹. Sulphur water contains large amounts of hydrogen sulphide readily detectable by odour.

Siliceous water contain unusual quantities of silica in soluble from. Rivers, lakes, wells, and springs generally supply water for drinking and domestic purposes. Such water commonly contains salts of calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. Besides, it includes organic matter from falling leaves and twigs, and traces of carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, ammonia and other gases from the atmosphere. There is also a variety of suspended matter in natural water such as fine particles of clay, sand, microscopic organisms including bacteria, and fragments of vegetation. Waters which have appreciable amounts of dissolved salts are always more acceptable for drinking than those free from solids. At the same time, drinking water must be free from toxic salts, disease-producing organisms, and harmful organic or sewage contamination.

Notes

1. either... or – чи...чи, або... або

Exercises.

Ex.1. Find nouns in the following group of words, point out their suffixes and translate:

Constituent, abundantly, addition, constitute, substance, dissolved, significantly, quantity, unusual, readily, important, readiness, condition, acceptable, soluble nature, excessive, occur, domestic, supplied, organic, variety, microscopic, pressure, contamination, harmful.

Ex.2. Point out negative prefixes and translate the words with and without prefixes:

Unusual, insoluble, unimportant, irrational, imperfect, impure, non-toxic, unnatural, inappreciable, irresponsible, immobile, unacceptable, undetectable, imbalance, inorganic, insignificant, unfit, irregular.

Ex.3. Find the pairs of synonyms in the following group of words and translate them:

Important, ordinary, fit, aim, quantity, illness, substance, significant, average, matter, usual, acceptable, harmful, purpose, mean, amount, injurious, disease.

Ex.4. Find the pairs of antonyms in the following group of words and translate them:

Abundant, artificial, usual, insoluble, readily, contaminated, fine, exclude, always, useful, scarce, soluble, large, harmful, natural, small, unusual, never, hardly, include, coarse, pure.

Ex.5. Ask general questions, give the both possible short answers:

Example: Water occurs in minerals. – Does water occur in minerals? (Yes, it does/ No, it doesn’t)

1. We use water for drinking and domestic purposes.

2. She wants to become a pharmacist.

3. Water contains dissolved mineral substances.

4. Water occurs in animal and vegetable tissues.

5. Scientists distinguish between liquid water, water vapour and combined water.

6. Water constitutes an important part of the earth’s atmosphere.

7. Rivers and wells supply people with potable water.

8. This student knows the history of the Chemical-Technological University.

9. Carbonated water contains carbon dioxide.

10. People use water for various purposes.

Ex.6. Make the following sentences negative:

1. Ice covers three quarters of the earth’s surface.

2. These salts dissolve in water.

3. Now they understand the structure of these molecules.

4. Absolutely pure water occurs everywhere in nature.

5. The first-year students always take part in the research work.

6. Good drinking water contains toxic salts and disease-producing organisms.

7. People use sewage water for domestic purposes.

8. A thermometer helps to determine the amount of salts in water.

9. Water freezes at 100°C.

10. Filters always make contaminated water fit to drink.

Ex.7. Translate the sentences; mind the substitutes of the nouns:

1. Waters which have appreciable amounts of dissolved salts are always more acceptable for drinking than those free from solids.

2. This substance reacts 100 times as fast as the other one.

3. We found new ways of synthesis, the older ones being unsatisfactory.

4. The potentials of carbon und nitrogen increase over that of boron.

Ex.8. Find the English equivalents in the text:

Важлива складова частина земної атмосфери; у зв’язаній формі; крім того; вона складає близько 70 % людського тіла; розчинні мінеральні речовини; загальний вміст мінералів; вище середнього; незвичайна кількість натрію; в умовах надмірного тиску; що легко визначається за запахом; у розчинній формі; питна вода; придатний для пиття; з чим вона входить у контакт; не зустрічається у природі; побутові потреби; зависла речовина; дрібні частини глини і піску; відчутна кількість; прийнятний для пиття; вільний від твердих тіл; у той же час; хвороботворні організми.

Ех.9. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. Is water abundant on earth?

2. In what states of aggregation does water occur in nature?

3. Where does water occur in vapour form?

4. Where does water occur in combined form?

5. What part of the human body does water constitute?

6. What do natural waters often contain?

7. What kinds of mineral water do you know?

8. Does absolutely pure water occur in nature? Why?

9. What water is more acceptable for drinking?

10. What must potable water be free from?

Ex.10. Read the text. Find the definitions of: 1) the solution, 2) solubility. Find and translate everything relating to: a) suspension; b) emulsion; c) types of solutions; d) the extent of solubility of various substances.

Solutions

We know that to some extent water dissolves nearly everything with which it comes in contact. So water forms solutions with solids, liquids and gases. A solution is any chemically and physically homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. We can speak about solutions of solids in liquids, liquids in liquids gases in liquids, solids in solids, etc.

Depending upon¹ the size of the dispersed particles, we recognize true solutions, colloidal solutions and suspensions.

A suspension is formed, for example, if we shake fine sand with water. The sand particles are comparatively large and consist of many molecules. As soon as² we stop the agitation, the sand particles begin settling to the bottom of the vessel.

On the other hand,³ a true or molecular solution is formed if we dissolve some sugar in water. Here, the sugar particles are of molecular sizes. They cannot be seen with the naked eye⁴, and they do not tend to settle unless⁵ the solution is saturated.

Colloidal solutions occupy an intermediate position between true solutions and suspensions.

From the pharmaceutical point of view, solutions of solids in liquids are the simplest and the most important liquid dosage forms. Apart from distilled water, the most common solvents for medicines are alcohols, oils, glycerine, ethers, liquid petrolatum etc.

A suspension is a liquid dosage form that consists of very fine insoluble solid particles of medicines suspended in a liquid. An emulsion is a kind of stable suspension of fat drops in water. True (or seed) emulsions are made from hemp seeds, poppy seeds, almonds that contain oils and natural emulgents. Solubility is the ability of substances to dissolve in other substances.

The extent of solubility of different substances varies from almost imperceptible amounts to relatively large values, but for any given solute, the solubility is constant at constant temperature.

Notes.

1.depending upon – в залежності від

2.as soon as – як тільки

3.on the other hand – з іншого боку

4.the naked eye – неозброєне око

5.unless – якщо (тільки) не.

Unit 3: Grammar. The Present/ Past Simple (Indefinite) Forms

Remember the following words and word combinations:

1. hygiene [haidЗi:n] гігієна

2. audience [‘o:djəns] аудиторія, слухачі

3. research [ri’sə:t∫] наукове дослідження, пошуки

4. obtain [әb’tein] отримувати, добувати

5. contamination [kәntәmi’nei∫n] зараження, забруднення

6. improperly [im’propәli] невідповідно, непридатнo

7. maintain [men’tein] підтримувати, зберігати, затверджувати

8. bouquet [‘bu’kei] букет

9. appear [ә’piә] з’явитися, здаватися

10. doctorate [‘doktәrit] докторська ступінь

Louis Pasteu: What his work revealed

Can life appear by spontaneous generation? In the 19th century, some scientists thought so. They felt that life could originate by itself from nonliving matter, without intervention by a creator.

But on a spring evening in April 1864, an audience present at a meeting hall at the Sorbonne University in Paris heard something different. In a masterful presentation before a commission of scientists, Louis Pasteur successfully refuted, point by point, the theory of spontaneous generation. This lecture and later discoveries made him "one of the world’s greatest scientists", as the World Book Encyclopaedia puts it. Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in the small town in the east of France. His father had ambitions for his son. In spite of having leanings toward art, as well as real artistic talent, Louis took up the sciences. He obtained a doctorate of sciences at the age of 25. Early research of his had to do with tartaric acid, a compound present in the dregs left in wine barrels. Pasteur moved on to the study of fermenting agents.

Prior to Pasteur’s research, the presence of fermenting agents such as yeast was known. But it was thought that they were the result of fermentation. However, Pasteur proved that these fermenting agents were, not the result of fermentation, but rather the cause of it. He showed that each type of fermenting agent caused a different sort of fermentation. The report that he published on this in 1857 is today viewed as "the birth certificate of microbiology".

Pasteur’s research into fermentation enabled him to conclude that microbes caused the majority of problems of contamination in the food industry. Microbes were present in the air or in improperly washed containers. Pasteur suggested that improving hygiene could prevent spoilage of food products by bacteria and that maintaining a temperature of between 50 and 60 degrees Celsius for a few minutes could prevent spoilage of a liquid. This method was first used on wine to prevent abnormal fermentation. The main microbes were killed without causing much change in the taste or bouquet. This process, called pasteurisation, which Pasteur patented, revolutionized the food industry. Nowadays this technique is no longer used for wine but is still adequate for numerous products like milk or fruit juice.

To this day all the evidence from experimentation, history, biology, archaeology and anthropology continues to show what Pasteur demonstrated – that life could come only from pre-existing life, not from inanimate. And the evidence also clearly shows that life reproduces "according to its kind", as the Bible's account in Genesis state. The offspring are always the same "kind" or type, as the parents (Genesis 1:11, 12, 20-25). Thus, knowingly or not, through his work Louis Pasteur provided powerful evidence and testimony against the theory of evolution and for the absolute necessity of a creator for life to have appeared on earth.

Notes

1. to appear by spontaneous generation — довільно самозароджуватися;

2. from nonliving matter — із неживої матерії;

3. without intervention by a creator — без втручання творця;

4. successfully refuted point by point — успішно, крок за кроком спростувати;

5. had ambitions for his son — мав честолюбні плани щодо сина;

6. in spite of having leanings toward — незважаючи на схильність до;

7. to have to do with tartaric acid — досліджувати винну кислоту;

8. the dregs left in wine barrels — осад, що утворюється на дні барил з вином;

9. fermenting agents — речовини, що викликають бродіння;

10. yeast — дріжді;

11. is today viewed as — нині вважають;

12. spoilage of food products — псування харчових продуктів;

13. to prevent abnormal fermentation — запобігати перекисанню;

14. by improving hygiene — дотримуючись гігієни;

15. spoilage of a liquid — псування рідини;

16. from preexisting live — із життя, що вже існує;

17. from inanimate matter — з неживої матерії;

18. knowingly or not — свідомо чи підсвідомо,

19. to provide powerful evidence and testimony against — подати могутній доказ

і свідчення проти;

20. the offspring — нащадок;

21. as the Bible's account in Genesis states — як написано в біблійній книзі

"Буття".

Exercises.

Ex.1. Answer the following questions:

1. What happened in April 1864?

2. What discovery made Louis Pasteur famous?

3. When was L. Pasteur born?

4. Where was he born?

5. What do you know about his education?

6. What subject did his early research deal with?

7. What was known about fermenting agents prior to Pasteur’s research?

8. What do you know about the “birth certificate of microbiology”?

9. What was the main idea of Pasteur’s research into fermentation?

10. What process is called pasteurisation?

11. Where is pasteurisation used nowadays?

12. What did Pasteur demonstrate?

Ex.2. Give the Past Indefinite (Simple) Forms:

1. His father works at a plant.

2. Her mother teaches chemistry at school.

3. We understand the rule.

4. We don’t know his address.

5. Do your students speak English?

6. Does your friend like such films?

7. He gets up, washes, dresses, has breakfast and goes to school.

8. I often see them in the library.

9. They don’t attend lectures every day.

Ex.3. Make the following interrogative and negative.

1. Louis Pasteur refuted the theory of spontaneous generation.

2. Pasteur moved on to the study of fermenting agents.

3. He obtained the doctorate of sciences at the age of 25.

4. He published his report in 1857.

5. His discoveries made him one of the world’s greatest scientists’.

Ex.4. Find the pairs of synonyms and remember them:

Nonliving, different, presentation, deal, method, technique, clearly, various, lucky, show, to learn, to obtain, to change, sort, to get, evidently, successfully, to find out, to alter, type.

Ex.5. Find the pairs of antonyms and remember them:

Inanimate, contamination, presence, always, long, liquid, absence, short, never, life, solid, death, ever, different, appear, the same, disappear, animate, cleaning.

Ex.6. Give the missing forms of the following verbs:

Know, known …; be, been …; have, having …; move, moved …; teach, teaching …; felt, feeling …; took, taken …; obtain, obtained …; learn, learnt ….

Ex.7. Read, translate and remember the following verbs and nouns:

to cause – cause; to report – report;

to research – research; to study – study;

to use – use; to result – result;

to call – call; to patent – patent;

to testimony – testimony.

Ex.8. Open the brackets using the correct verb form:

1. Last year we (study, studied) the method of pasteurisation.

2. Pasteur (demonstrates, demonstrated) that life can come only from pre-existing life, not from inanimate.

3. Nowadays the technique of pasteurisation (is, are, was, were, used) for products like milk and fruit juice.

4. Many new discoveries (took place, takes place, will take place) in the 19-th century.

5. Last century some scientists (think, thinks, thought) that life can appear by spontaneous generation.

6. The majority of problems of contamination in the food industry (are caused, were caused, is caused) by microbes.

7. In 1864 Pasteur successfully (refutes, refuted, will refute) the theory of spontaneous generation.

8. The process called pasteurisation (will revolutionize, revolutionizes, revolutionized) the food industry.

Ex.9. Revise the following suffixes of the noun and translate the nouns into Ukrainian (Russian):

-sion -tion, - ment, -ence, -ance, -er, -or, -y, -ist.

discovery, necessit y, testimon y, contain er, creat or, scient ist, fermenta tion, genera tion, contamina tion, interven tion, pasteurisa tion, evolu tion, commis sion, pres ence, audi ence, evid ence, achieve ment.

Ex. І0. Choose the right statement:

1. Some scientists felt that life could originate by itself from nonliving matter, without the intervention by a creator.

2. In a masterful presentation before a commission of scientists, Louis Pasteur successfully refuted the theory of spontaneous generation.

3. Louis Pasteur was born in 1822 in the small town in the east of England.

4. His father did not have any ambitions for his son.

5. He obtained a doctorate of sciences at the age of 30.

6. Pasteur proved that fermenting agents were not the result of fermentation, but rather the cause of it.

7. He showed that each type of fermenting agent caused a different sort of fermentation.

8. Pasteur demonstrated that life could come only from pre-existing life, not from inanimate.

9. Louis Pasteur provided powerful evidence and testimony against the theory of evolution.

10. Louis Pasteur provided powerful evidence for the absolute necessity of creator for life to have appeared on earth.

Unit 4: Grammar: The Adverbs. Irregular nouns.