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The Gerund in the function of Adverbial Modifier
12.1. In the function of AM GER is used to modify the Pred. supplying to the sentence the information regarding time, purpose, condition, reason, etc. of the action of the Pred. Thus a number of semantic classes of adverbial modifiers are differentiated (see the table below). The variety of adverbial meanings of GER is supported by certain prepositions (in some cases conjunctions) always preceding gerunds in this function.
| AM of time (when? at what moment of time?) | After, before, in, on, since, upon | He saw the tiny red spark blink once more before going out forever. In washing the window, I splashed water all over the floor. Mr. P.R., formerly making only eighteen a week in a barber shop, writes to us that since taking our course he is now pulling down $5,000 as an Osteo-vitalic Physician. |
| AM of reason (why? due to what? for what reason? because of what?) | Because of, for, from, for fear of, on account of, through, with | He tried not to move for fear of waking those around him. They just get older and develop lung cancer from smoking too many Luckies. She had been slapped earlier for crying and screaming. Several people have been injured through arguing with him – he is inclined to be violent. The house was a little dilapidated - with having been so long to let; yet it produced good appearance. |
| AM of manner* (how? in what way? by what means?) | By, without, by means of | He tried to move to his swivel chair without staggering, for his legs were suddenly weak indeed. He knew how to get information by means of making deals with people like himself. |
| AM of attendant circumstances* | Without | That after such explosion anyone inside the vehicle would now be dead, he knew without pausing to think on it. Casey looked at him without saying anything. |
| AM of concession (in spite of what?) | In spite of | I assured him I was in great shape in spite of being in a hospital. In spite of arriving late last night, she had gotten up early to be with the children. |
| AM of condition (in what case? on what condition?) | But for, in case of, without | 'You had no right to do that without consulting your father about it.You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs. But for its being left on the floor, no one would have known of the existence of that envelope and the notes in it. |
| AM of purpose (what for? for what purpose?) | For | Then we brought them into the wardroom for questioning – one at a time. Due to the size of the nose specially built reading glasses with extra long stems were required for His Honor, who never used them for reading or any other purpose except in a vain effort to distract from the size of the nose. |
| AM of comparison (like what? better/ worse than what?) | Con-junctions as though, than, preposition like | Doing is better than saying. There is nothing like doing things at once. There are more ways of killing a cat than by choking it with cream. He had never been able to finish the subject better than by saying - "Those matters will take care of themselves." |
| AM of substitution** | Instead of | Instead of making friends and exchanging visits with our neighbors, he shut himself up in his house and seldom came out. |
*Note: The AM of manner and attendant circumstances may at first sight seem difficult to differentiate. To explain their semantic peculiarities a logical interpretation of their meanings can be suggested. Manner of some action involves such properties or features of the action that are connected to it naturally, by the essence of the action itself. Thus speaking involves such features as tempo, expressing emotions, high or low tone of voice, etc., dancing may be characterized by the types of movements, speed, emotional and artistic effects, etc. So the AM of manner indicates the way the modified action is performed or the means it is achieved. Attendant circumstances are events that accompany the major action but that are not naturally or logically connected to the action. Thus one may dance without noticing what is happening around, walk without thinking about somebody’s words because dancing does not require noticing something, nor does walking involve thinking about something. The Gerund in this function is used with the preposition without indicating that something did not happen at the time of the main event. Thus AM of attendant circumstances with GER expresses some fact that does not accompany the event of the modified part of the sentence.
**Note: AMs of substitution and comparison are not as frequent as other semantic types of adverbials.
12.2. As you see, the semantic type of AM expressed by the Gerund is dependable on the meaning of the preposition. The examples below display the meaning of AM of exception that is largely dictated by the preposition: In addition to (except/besides/outside of) washing the windows, what else did you do?
Date: 2015-09-24; view: 1855; Нарушение авторских прав; Помощь в написании работы --> СЮДА... |