Computers

Modern world of Hi -Tech could not have come about, except for computers. They have opened a new era in the manufacture's automation and greatly enhanced modern communication systems.

Who invented the computer is not the question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors from different countries contributed to the computer history. A computer is a complex machine made up of many parts, each being a separate invention.

There are many milestones in the computer history. The earliest of them can be traced to an English inventor Charles Babbage who in 1834 designed an "analytical machine" that theoretically could do some of the operations, a modern computer does now. However, it has never been built because of its huge size.

The first generation of what can be called a real computer was "the Colossus", an enormous machine put into operation in England in 1943. But the machine was designed for one operation only: deciphering the German codes in World War II.

The first general-purpose computer was invented in 1946 in the University of Pennsylvania, USA. Unfortunately, these computers, as well as the vacuum tube models that followed them, were huge, slow, expensive and very often unreliable.

The first computer hard disk was invented in 1956 and later, in 1968, the computer mouse came into being.

In 1959—1964 there came the era of transistor computers. It didn't last long, but it was no less important in the computer technology advancement.

The second generation computers were faster, simpler, more dependable and cheaper. They could carry out some thousand operations per second.

A tremendous breakthrough became the computers of the third generation (1965-1970). The invention of the integrated circuits allowed to reduce both the size and cost of these computers, further increasing their power (up to 10 million operations per second).

The fourth generation computers (beginning with 1971) can be characterized, first of all, by the jump to monolithic integrated circuits. But what really triggered the tremendous growth of computers and their significant impact on our lives was the invention of the microprocessor. It led to the invention of personal computers capable to perform over 50 million operations per second.

Today we have new models of computers that can perform over 100 million operations per second. And what's ahead? Perhaps, future computers will have several million transistors in one chip and will be able to perform billions or even trillions of operations in a single second. Who knows? Time will show.

4. Переведите на английский язык:

1) Мир высоких технологий; 2) системы связи; 4) автоматизация производства; 5) вносить вклад; расширять, наступать; 6) сложная машина, состоящая из мно­гих деталей; 7) транзисторные компьютеры; 8) дорогой, нена­дежный; 9) дешевый, простой, более надежный; 10) огромно­го размера; 11) компьютеры первого поколения; 12) различные этапы истории; 13) увеличивать мощность; 14) сконструировать аналитическую машину; 15) давать возможность, позволять; 16) запустить в действие; 17) расшифровка кода; 18) огромный прорыв; 19) создать микросхемы, интегральные схемы; 20) про­движение компьютерных технологий; 21) уменьшать размеры и стоимость; 22) изобретение персонального компьютера; 23) выполнять несколько/сотни миллионов операций в секун­ду; 24) на одном чипе; 25) что впереди? 26) включать миллион транзисторов; 27) оказать значительное влияние.

5. Закончите предложения.

1. Computers are complex... made up of many....

2. Each computer part is a separate....

3. Many inventors from various countries... to the history of computers.

4. The earliest real computer's name was....

5. This computer was designed for...

6. The first general-purpose computers were invented in....

7. The era of the transistor computers came in....

8. The third generation computers became a tremendous....

9. The invention of... allowed to reduce the computer... and

10.The invention of microprocessors helped to increase the computer....

11.It led to the invention of....

12.Modern computers are capable of performing… operations per…