Fill in the blanks with the words given below

a) Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a condition in men that affects the... gland.

b) In interstitial cystitis the bladder wall can become….

c) In some cases, prostatitis is caused by... infection.

d) Acute renal failure may lead to permanent loss of … function.

e) Urinary tract infections are caused by bacteria in the... tract.

f)… is a doctor who specializes in treating problems of the urinary system and the male reproductive system.

a) bacterial, b) kidney, c) urologist, d) blood, e) urinary,

f) prostate, g) inflamed

Text 2

1. Read the text about one of the most widespread urinary system problems.

A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine. It may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl. Men are more prone to get kidney stones than women, and around half of all people who have previously had a kidney stone will develop another one within five years. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor. But sometimes a stone will not go away. It may get stuck in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine and cause great pain. The following may be signs of kidney stones that need a doctor's help:

о Extreme pain in your back or side that will not go away.

о Blood in your urine.

о Fever and chills.

о Vomiting.

о Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy.

о A burning feeling when you urinate.

Initial treatment includes pain medication and oral or intravenous fluid to help the stone pass through the urine.

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a procedure that uses shock waves to break up the stone without the need for surgery.

Surgery may be necessary if the stone is very large and if there is blockage of the affected kidney or infection.

Depending on the cause of your kidney stone, your doctor may prescribe med­ication or suggest dietary changes to prevent a recurrence. Also to help prevent any type of kidney stone you should drink more fluid. You should aim to drink at least three litres every 24 hours, or enough to make your urine clear rather than a yellow colour. Talk to your doctor for more advice on this.

2. Answer the following questions.

1. What is a kidney stone and how does it form?

2. Who is more prone to get kidney stones?

3. Do most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor?

4. When can't kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor?

5. Can you name the signs of kidney stones that need doctor's help?

6. What is the treatment of kidney stones?

7. When may surgery be necessary?

8. What can help to prevent kidney stones?

3. Say whether the sentences are true or false.

1. Kidney stone may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl.

2. Around half of all people who have previously had a kidney stone will nevei develop another.

3. Sometimes a stone may get stuck in the urinary tract and block the flow о і urine.

4. One of the main signs of kidney stones that need a doctor's help is a sore throat.

5. Initial treatment of kidney stones includes surgery.

6. There are no procedures that can remove kidney stones without surgery.

7. To help to prevent any type of kidney stone you should drink more fluid.

4. Retell the text.