Holidays

Each of the 50 states establishes its own legal holidays. The federal government, through the President and Congress, can legally set holidays only for federal employees and for the District of Columbia. Most states, however, accept the federal legal holidays. Holidays for all federal offices, most state and local government offices, and many (but not all!) businesses are:

New Year's Day (January 1)

Martin Luther King's Birthday (third Monday in January)

Washington's Birthday, sometimes called "Presidents’ Day" (third Monday in February)

Memorial Day (last Monday in May)

Independence Day (July 4)

Labor Day (first Monday in September)

Columbus Day (second Monday in October)

Veterans' Day (November 11)

Thanksgiving Day (fourth Thursday in November)

Christmas Day (December 25)

The many religious holidays such as Good Friday, Hanukkah, or Ramadan are observed, of course, by the religious, but they have no national or official legal status. Rather, each state sets its own laws, and whether or not an employee is given time off also depends on labor agreements.

There are many traditional holidays, observed by a large number of Americans, which are also neither legal nor official. Among these are Groundhog Day, Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day (not just people with Irish ancestry will "wear the green" on March 17), Mother's Day, and Halloween (the last day of October).

The three holidays which were first observed in the U.S. but have now spread elsewhere are Labor Day (usually observed on May 1 elsewhere), Thanksgiving (in Canada), and Mother's Day (wherever there are florists, greeting-card companies, candy manufacturers, and mothers).

Perhaps the two "most American" of the holidays are the Fourth of July - Independence Day -and Thanksgiving. The Fourth of July is like a big, nationwide birthday party. Yet, it's a party that takes place in neighborhoods, on beaches or in parks, or on suburban lawns throughout the country. Some towns and cities have parades with bands and flags, and most politicians will try to give a patriotic speech or two, should anyone be willing to listen. But what makes the Fourth of July is the atmosphere and enjoyment of, for instance, the family beach party, with hot dogs and hamburgers, volleyball and softball, the fireworks and rockets at night (and, often, a sunburn and a headache the next morning). The nation's birthday is also the nation's greatest annual summer party.

Like Christmas, Thanksgiving is a day for families to come together. Traditional foods are prepared for the feast - turkey or ham, cranberry sauce and corn dishes, breads and rolls, and pumpkin pie. At the same time, Thanksgiving is a solemn occasion, a day to remember the many who are less well off, in America and throughout the world.

2. What English holidays or traditions can you name? Prepare the interesting information.

3. Граматичний матеріал: Минулий неозначений час. The Past Indefinite Tense.

Ex. 1. Change the following sentences into Past Simple. Model: My working day lasts eight hours. - My working day lasted eight hours yesterday.

1. I often get letters from my friends. 2. Do you repeat this rule every day? 3. They don’t often stay at the factory after 6 o'clock. 4. I return home in the evening every day. 5. I translate a lot of articles every day.

Ex. 2. Make up questions. Model: She left her native land. - Did she leave her native land?

1. Maria began her studies in Paris. 2. She lived in a poor street in Paris. 3. She ate cherries and fruit. 4. Marie met Pierre a few years later. 5. The university gave the students a laboratory. 6. They loved each other. 7. They became the closest friends.

Ex. 3. Make up questions. Model: He became a teacher. - What did he become?

1. I began to learn English two years ago. 2. We ate some fruit five minutes ago. 3. My friend chose this book for his report. 4. He spoke about this book two hours ago. 5. We spoke about our trip last week. 8. I heard the voice of my friend.

Ex. 4. Translate into English using was/ were.

1. Я був в Лондоні 2 роки тому. 2. Ми були в Київі минулого тижня. 3. Мері була рада бачити мене. 4. Мої друзі були вчора в кіно. 5. Студенти були зайняті минулого тижня. 6. Текст був легкий? 7. Вправи були складні? 8. Вони не були в університеті вчора. 9. Мері та Джейн не були в Москві. 10. Він не був вдома. 11. Джон не був у магазині.

Ex.5. Translate into English using the Past Simple Tense.

1. Вчора вони дивились дуже гарний фільм. 2. Вчора він почав роботу пізно. 3. Минулого тижня він розмовляв з Майклом. 4. Він загубив паспорт. 5. Він взяв книги? 6. Він ходив у кіно вчора? 7. Ви залишалися в офісі після роботи? 8. Де ви подорожували? 9. Що ви написали? 10. Яку книгу ви читали минулого тижня? 11. Він не їздив туди. 12. Він не бачив цієї телеграми.

4. Проведення словникового диктанту.

5. Робота над текстом за профілем спрямування:текст “ LOUIS PASTEUR”

Louis Pasteur was born in 1822. He was a prominent French chemist, one of the founders of modern microbiology. His research work helped much to establish the field of bacteriology. In his early Pasteur devoted his energies to the discovery of microorganisms in wine and beer production. He introduced the idea of heat sterilization (pasteurization) for these products and milk.

Later he became interested in hydrophobia. He showed that viral pathogenic properties could be attenuated by pass-ing the virus through the body of a proper animal. On the basis of these observations he developed a vaccine for hydro-phobia.

Continuing his investigation L. Pasteur discovered the method to prevent some infections diseases by introducing attenuated causative agents. This method is known as vaccination. It has helped to fight against many infection diseases.

1) prominent — выдающийся, известный

2) to establish - основывать, создавать

3) to devote one's energy — посвятить свою энергию, силу

4) discovery - открытие, обнаружение

5) to be attenuated - быть ослабленным, смягченным

6) observation- наблюдение

7) to introduce - представлять, вводить в употребление.

Ex 1 Translate into English:

выдающийся французский химик, основатель современной микробиологии, посвятил свою энергию, открытие микроорганизмов, стерилизация жаром, заинтересоваться, патогенные свойства, могут быть ослаблены, на основе этих наблюдений, разработал метод предотвра-щения инфекционных заболеваний.

Ex 2 Answer the questions:

1) When was Louis Pasteur born?

2) Was he one of the founders of modern microbiology?

3) What did Pasteur devote his energies in his early years for?

4) What idea did he introduce?

5) Did Pasteur become interested in hydrophobia later?

6) What did Pasteur develop on the basis of his observations?

7) Who discovered the method of vaccination?

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

Модуль самостійної роботи:

1. Прийменник.

2. Індивідуальне читання за фахом.

Прийменник

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. Дайте визначення прийменника.
2. На які групи поділяються прийменники за значенням?
3. Назвіть якомога більше прийменників.
4. Яке місце в структурі англійського речення займають прийменники.
5. Дайте характеристику багатозначності прийменників в англійській мові.

Вправа 1. Вставте прийменники on, in або into.

1. There are many people … the park today.
2. There is a girl standing … the bridge. Why is she crying? – She has dropped her doll … the water.
3. There is no tea... my cup.
4. Pour some tea … my cup.
5. Put these flowers … the windowsill.
6. I saw many people … the platform waiting for the train.
7. We went … the garden and sat down … a bench.
8. The teacher hung a picture … the black-board.
9. He put his hand … his pocket, took out a letter and dropped it … the mailbox which hung … the wall of the house. Then he got … his car and drove off.
10. Where is the book? – It is … the table.

Вправа 2. Вставте прийменники to або of.

1. The young scientist was trying to prove … the professor the necessity … the experiment.
2. London is the capital … Great Britain.
3. It is clear … me that you don’t know your lesson.
4. He was devoted … his friend.
5. I explained … the teacher that by the end … the lesson I had not finished the translation … the text and that’s why I had not handed it … him. The surprise … the teacher was great. My explanation seemed strange … the teacher.
6. He bought a book … English poems and gave it … his sister.
7. I wrote … him asking to send me a box … chocolates.
8. There is a monument … Pushkin in the Square … Arts.

Вправа 3. Вставте прийменники with або by.

1. He was taken to hospital … an ambulance.
2. He was treated … very effective drugs.
3. The boy cut his finger … a knife.
4. The boat was carried … the waves into the open sea.
5. He wrote his latter … a pencil.
6. America was discovered … Columbus.
7. We eat soup … a spoon.
8. He was killed … a knife.
9. He was killed … the robbers.
10. He was knocked down … a big stick.
11. He was knocked down … a car.

Вправа 4. Вставте прийменник, якщо це необхідно.

1. We tried to speak … him, but he did not want to listen … us. He did not even look … us and did not answer … our questions.
2. Your brother complains … you. He says you always laugh … him, never speak … him and never answer … his questions.
3. When I entered … the room, everybody looked … me with surprise: they had not waited … me.
4. At the end … the street she turned … the corner, walked … the bus stop and began waiting … the bus.
5. My mother is afraid … rats.
6. “What do you complain …?” asked the doctor.
7. Turn … the corner … the house and look … the flowers grown … my mother: aren’t they beautiful?
8. He was an excellent pupil, and the teacher never complained … him.
9. She complained … the feeling bad and could not answer … the question … the teacher.

Література:

1. Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Посібник. – Логос, 1997.- 341 с.

2. Каушанская В. Л. Грамматика английского языка. – М., 2000. – 320с.

3. Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений. – 3-е изд. - СПб.: Каро, 2001. – 512 с.

4. Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. Грамматика современного английского языка: Учебник для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – 335 с.

Індивідуальне читання за фахом текст “ The Disappearing Rain Forest ”

At the end of this lesson another hectare of the world's forests will be destroyed forever. Why is this happening? There are two reasons - land and wood. In many countries the trees have been cut down because the land was needed for animals or crops. In other parts of the world the trees are cut down because their wood is wanted. This wood is used by the local people for firewood. Or it is exported to Japan, Europe and North America. 'There it is used for buildings or it is made into furniture.

Unfortunately, in most places the trees won't be replaced. The soil in
the forests is very thin, but it is protected by the trees. When the trees are cut down, the soil is washed away by the rain or blown away by the wind. Soon nothing can be grown on it. The forest becomes a desert. Then more land will be needed and more trees will be cut down.

When the forest is destroyed, it isn't only the trees that are lost, the homes
of millions of animals and plants are destroyed, too. At the moment there
are between five and ten million species of animals and plants on the Earth. By the year 2000, one million of these will be extinct - that's one species every hour. All kinds of species are in danger - fish, reptiles, birds, mammals, insects and shellfish - as well as thousands of plants.

Who is to blame for this disaster? The answer is simple: all of us. There are just too many people in the world. The world's population is now over one billion people. Of course, it's very easy to blame the local people. We don't chop down trees. They do. But the products are bought by people like you and me – the hi-fi with its teak loudspeakers, or the nice mahogany chairs. Why are the forests being destroyed? Just look around. You're probably sitting on it or listening to it.

Answer the questions:

1. Why are the forests being destroyed? 2. Who is to blame? 3. What other problem does the destruction of the forest cause? 4. Why won’t new forests be planted? 5. What is this text about and what do you know about the problem?

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповнене – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. інозем. філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 263с.

Підсумкова тека:

Ex. 1. Insert the verb to be or to have in the Present Simple Tense.

1. Не... а good student. 2. They... old friends. 3. I... a teacher. 4. She... one sister and two brothers. 5. We... a large library at school. 6. They... a new flat.

Ex. 2. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. They are in Europe now. 2. She is a clever girl. 3. It is cold today. 4. Both sisters are tall. 4. We have many friends in Moscow. 5. Harry's dog has a long tail. 6. He has breakfast at 9 in the morning. 7. They sometimes have a rest in the park.

Ex. 3. Use there is / are in the following sentences. Translate them into Ukrainian.

1.... a new moon tonight. 2.... someone at the door. 3.... a lot of students absent today. 4.... three lamps in the room. 5.... two large windows in the room

Ex. 4. Open the brackets in Present Simple.

1. We (read) the newspaper in class every day. 2. He always (prepare) his homework carefully. 3. We always (play) tennis on Saturdays. 4. She (speak) several foreign languages.

Ex. 5. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. Не knows French perfectly. 2. I understand everything he says. 3. She makes mistakes in spelling. 4. They enjoy their English lessons. 5. They live in Lviv.

Ex. 6. Make these sentences imperative and translate them into Ukrainian.

l. (Give) this to John. 2. (Open) the door. 3. (Close) the door. 4. (Let) him talk with her. 5. (Leave) your hat on the chair. 6. (Lend) me a pencil.

Ex. 7. Use the verbs in brackets in Past Simple.

1. We (work) in our garden all day yesterday. 2. I (listen) to the radio until twelve o'clock last night. 3. He always (want) to learn English. 4. Ann and I (talk) over the telephone yesterday. 5. The weather yesterday (to be) very warm. 6. We (to be) good friends for many years.

Ex. 8. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative.

1. We were pleased to receive your letter. 2. The door of the office was open. 3. They stayed in Moscow all summer. 4. She planned her work well. 5. The crowd waited for a long time to see the famous actor. 6. He entered this class in April.

Ex. 10. Choose the word (a, b, c, d) that best completes the sentence. Write the number of the sentence and the letter of the answer, e.g. 1 dc, 2 ab, 3 ab.

1. I … to the cinema last week a) go b) went c) will go. 2. The boy usually … good marks when he was a first-year student a) get b) got c) will get. 3. Mary and her sister … chess every evening but today they are going to the theatre a) play b) played c) will play. 4. She … very early two days ago a) wake up b) woke up c) will wake up. 5. He … a new TV film tomorrow a) see b) saw c) will see. 6. Some years ago the trains … at this station a) stop b) stopped c) will stop.

ІV. Змістовий модуль „Україна. Херсон. Подорож містом”