Soviet period

After 1917 the practice of 1) ….. (issue) passports for travel abroad remained the same. They were valid for 6 months and then could be 2) ….. (prolong) for an-other half a year or even a longer period but only by special solicitation. The control over all those who crowed the border was very strict. 3) ….. (accord) to the Rules 4) ….. (adopt) in 1922, one could go abroad only by permission of a special governmental department.

At the same time, 5) ….. (gain) the Russian citizenship in 1918 was very simple: a man needed only to apply to the Department of Foreign Affairs. It was only in 1921 that the government took away the citizenship of all those people who had left the country before the revolution and who had been living abroad for five years.

The USSR was created in 1922 and in 1924 Soviet citizenship was introduced. Passports were 6) ….. (give) only to those who went abroad. In 1925 three types of documents appeared: diplomatic passports (green), official ones (for those who went abroad for business, they were blue) and passports for other citizens (red). This system was 7) ….. (maintain) almost till the end of the 20th century.

The situation 8) ….. (concern) domestic passports is also worthy of our attention. After 1917 everybody's identity could be 9) ….. (establish) by any document with a photo and a stamp. Until 1923 issuing such documents was a very simple process: every governmental organization had the right lo prepare them.

Nevertheless, by the end of the 1920s this anarchy could not be supported anymore and a special commission was 10) ….. (create). The government aimed at resolving three problems at the same time. First of all, to not allow people 11) ….. (live) in the countryside to leave their homes, secondly, to do the same with people m cities and, finally, to control and persecute "enemies" of the Soviet regime.

But passports were not given to everyone: only lo inhabitants of cities, workers, and those who lived in a sovkhoz: People in the countryside had no passport and were 12) ….. (prohibit) to leave their village for more than five days.

Citizens who were living abroad would not take their interior passports with them. If somebody planned to leave forever, he had to give his documents to a special department.

Unit 11 Why worry about Ethics?

11.1.1 Read the following verbs and guess their meaning:

diminish obstruct obey solve commit hinder accomplish maintain

11.1.2 Read the words and collocations. Try to memorize them:

illicit - незаконный

trafficking провоз

confidence доверие

deal иметь дело

determine определять

ultimate абсолютный

stick to the rules придерживаться правил

code of conduct кодекс поведения

framework рамки

appropriate допустимый

diligence прилежание, старание, усердие

impartiality беспристрастность, объективность

unbiased объективный

comply with соответствовать

breach нарушение закона

gravely серьезно, здраво

prohibited запрещенный

accept bribes брать взятки

penalty наказание, взыскание, штраф

habitually обычно, привычно

fairness справедливость

accountability ответственность

integrity прямота, честность

exemplary примерный