G. Физиологические и психологические механизмы аддикции

Публикация в "Науке" работы Луизы Лоуни и ее коллег по связыванию молекул опиатов в мозгу мышей, которая является частью текущей линии исследований в этой области, убедила многих людей в том, что достигнут прорыв в физиологическом понимании аддикции. Но для каждой работы такого рода, попавшейся публике на глаза, всегда есть другая, похожая на статью в "Психологии сегодня" Ричарда Дроубо и Харбенса Лала о работе с крысами-морфиновыми аддиктами, которые были приучены принимать звонок колокольчика (вместе с плацебо-инъекцией) за инъекцию морфина. Лал и Дроубо обнаружили, что антагонист морфина налоксон, который, как ожидалось, противодействует химическим эффектам морфина, тормозил эффекты условного стимула (колокольчика) так же, как и самого морфина. Ясно, что антагонист работал на уровне, отличном от химического.

Химические реакции в мозгу могут, конечно, наблюдаться, когда бы ни было введено психоактивное вещество. Существование таких реакций, и тот факт, что все психологические процессы в конце концов принимают форму нервных и химических процессов, не следует использовать для того, чтобы не задаваться вопросами, поднимаемыми впечатляющим рядом исследований, наблюдений и субъективных отчетов, которые свидетельствуют в пользу изменчивости человеческих реакций на наркотики.

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Содержание

Благодарности............................................................................................. 6

Введение....................................................................................................... 7

Глава 1

Пока смерть не разлучит нас................................................................................................................. 17

Эгоизм на двоих.................................................................................................................. 21

Параллель с опиатной аддикцией...................................................................................... 25

Глава 2

Что такое аддикция, и как она связана с наркотиками...................... 29

Аддикция и наркотики...................................................................................................... 33

Социальные и культурные различия в эффектах наркотиков....................................... 42

Аддикция, опиаты и другие наркотики в Америке........................................................ 46

Новая концепция аддикции............................................................................................... 56

Глава 3

Общая теория аддикции........................................................................... 66

Личностные характеристики аддиктов............................................................................ 66

Социально-психологический подход к аддикции.......................................................... 73

Критерии аддикции............................................................................................................ 77

Группы и приватный мир................................................................................................. 83

Глава 4

"Любовь" как аддикция......................................................................... 89

Кто такой межличностный аддикт?................................................................................... 92

Ф. Скотт Фицджеральд и Шейла Грэхем.......................................................................... 95

Эрих Фромм: позитивное понятие любви...................................................................... 102

Критерии различения любви и аддикции....................................................................... 106

Глава 5

Аддиктивные любовники вместе.......................................................... 118

Брак под ударом.................................................................................................................. 120

Странная пара.................................................................................................................... 134

Замечания об односторонней аддикции.......................................................................... 142

Глава 6

Детство и юность аддикта...................................................................... 150

Происхождение аддиктивного поколения..................................................................... 155

Тревожный родитель.......................................................................................................... 162

Дом, школа и внешний мир............................................................................................ 165

Отрицание зрелости........................................................................................................... 171

Брачный партнер............................................................................................................... 175

Предвестия будущего........................................................................................................ 182

Глава 7

Аддиктивное Общество........................................................................... 186

Культурный дрейф............................................................................................................ 188

Аддиктивное образование................................................................................................. 193

Медицина и психиатрия................................................................................................... 200

Лекарства, медицина и средства массовой информации.............................................. 213

Другие аддикции................................................................................................................ 219

Глава 8

Аддиктивные любовники по отдельности........................................... 228

Женщина: бремя недостаточности................................................................................... 228

Зарабатывание достаточности......................................................................................... 241

Мужчина: самодельное это............................................................................................... 247

Дон Жуан: мужчина или женщина.................................................................................. 260

Глава 9

Общество и Личностный Рост............................................................... 267

Аддикция в нас самих...................................................................................................... 273

Общество, семья и дети.................................................................................................... 277

Преодоление аддикции отдельным человеком.............................................................. 284

Глава 10

Приведение себя в порядок.................................................................... 292

Идеалы................................................................................................................................ 295

Как мы узнаем, что мы — аддикты?............................................................................... 300

Основа для роста................................................................................................................ 303

Трудности роста.................................................................................................................. 311

Случай изменения.............................................................................................................. 319

Глава 11

От аддикции к любви............................................................................. 326

Оценка отношений............................................................................................................. 328

Коррекция отношений....................................................................................................... 334

Приложения

A. Реакции на морфин и плацебо..................................................................................... 353

B. Общее действие химически несходных веществ....................................................... 353

C. Воздействие ожиданий и окружения на реакцию на прием наркотика.................. 355

D. Сравнение опасности для здоровья общеупотребительных наркотиков и героина 356

E. Исследования ЛСД....................................................................................................... 358

F. Модели обуславливания аддикции.............................................................................. 359

G. Физиологические и психологические механизмы аддикции.................................. 361

Литература............................................................................................... 362