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Personification. Animalification. AllegoryMetaphor-is a trope which draws an imaginative identification of one concept-T with another concept-V with the resultant breach of normal correspondence btw concepts and words. T-explicit or implicit V-explicit M cb embodied in nouns, verbs, adj and adv. Structure: -simple-V expressed brieflyand directly without any enlargement -sustained-central V is supported by several contributory Vs which refer to the central one -coordinate-several Vs are separately coordinated with the T -mixed- 2 or more Vs are incongruous or illogical when combined Acc.to the images metaphors are divided into personification and animalfication. Personification- Personification is the name given to a special kind of metaphor in which abstract ideas or inanimate objects (the tenor) are identified with persons (the vehicle), i.e. are ascribed human characteristics or actions. There are several degrees of personification. A thing or idea can be fully personified as above or in the following example from Shakespeare: In Act I of Hamlet two officers, Marcellus and Horatio, while on their nieht duty, see the spirit of Hamlet's father. Excited, they discuss the mysterious event throughout the night. Suddenly Horatio says — But look, the Morn, in russet mantle clad, Walks o'er the dew of yon high eastern hill. Horatio treats the morning as a person dressed in a russet mantle who walks over the dew. A thing or idea can be partially personified, and partially retain its own characteristics, as in the following poem by Carl Sandburg:— GRASS Pile the bodies at Austerlitz[1] and Waterloo[2]. Shovel them under and let me work — I am the grass; I cover all. And pile them high at Gettysburg[3] And pile them high at Ypres[4] and Verdun[5]. Shovel them under and let me work. Two years, ten years, and passengers ask the conductor: What place is this? Where are we now? I am the grass. Let me work. In this anti-war poem the grass is endowed with speech
Types of P:-prosopopoeia- inanimate obj-s are endowed with speech -pathetic fallacy-inanimate obj-s are endowed with human feelings -apostrophe- a direct address to things or abstract notions thus endowing then with consciousness. Functions of P: -adds dramatic power to the description -adds vividness to characterization -expr. the authors individual vision of the world The formal indications of personification may be (i) capitalizing and (ii) the substitution of personified names by the personal pronouns he or she (and, accordingly, the use of the possessive his or her) Animalfication (animal metaphor)- is the name given to a special kind of metaphor in which abstract ideas or inanimate obj-s (T) are identified with beasts(V). They are ascribed animal characteristics or actions. AM are generally based on verbs and adj-s. Verbs of animal movements and of animal voices are for instance collocated with non-animal nouns. (Words and words and words, how they gallop — how they lash their long manes and tails) The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on. (Sandburg)
Allegory- (Gk. allegoris, description of one thing under the name of another) is a complete literary work of symbolic nature that can be treated as an elaborate and continuous metaphor. The reader is expected to see the resemblance between the facts of the story (the V) and the ideas that are implied (the T). A well-known instance of allegory is fables, in which birds and beasts are made to think, speak and act like men. (The peacelike mongoose) A good illustration of allegory is Walt Whitman's 0 Captain! My Captain!, a poem, in which the great American poet mourns the death of Abraham Lincoln, president of the USA from 1861 to 1865, who held office during the Civil War between the Northern and Southern States. The North defeated the South, slavery was abolished but the victory was marred by the assassination of Lincoln. In the poem the North is identified with a ship, and President Lincoln, with her captain
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