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The object and method of Linguistic typology
Handout LECTURE 1
1. The typological method in Contrastive Linguistics
2. Language Universals
3. The notion of “type” in typology
4. Metalanguage
5. Taxonomy of linguistic typologies
There are several approaches in contrastive linguistics which share the typological method:
1) COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS
2) AREAL LINGUISTICS
3) COMPARATIVE TYPOLOGY
4) LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY
APPROACH
| OBJECT
| DATA
| Comparative Linguistics
| a) to establish genetic relationship of languages
b) to reconstruct an original proto-language that gave rise to a number of languages
| an unlimited number of kindred languages, like Indo-European e.g.: E. two: R. два: F.deux
| Areal Linguistics
| to establish common features due to common features (borrowings, bilingualism, language contacts), i.e. secondary relationship of languages
| all languages, e.g..: English and French in the 11th century cf. E. part< F.partir, E.technic< F.technique, E.finish< F.finir, E.reason< F.raison,E. technic< F.technique
| Comparative Typology
| to establish common and distinctive features
| a limited number (2-6) of kindred languages
| Linguistic Typology
| a) to establish common and distinctive features
b) to establish universals
c) to classify languages
| all languages
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LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGIES CLASSIFIED according to certain parameters:
PARAMETER
| TYPOLOGY
| 1. Number of Languages Compared
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| All
| universal: unrealistic, considering 5 000 world languages out of which only 2-3% have been described
| Up to 100
| special: realistic (this course is based on 3 languages: Russian, English, French)
| 2. Language Material Analyzed
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| All language systems
| whole system (holistic): unrealistic now
| One language system: phonetic, morphological, lexical, syntactic
| private: realistic
| 3. Aim of Research
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| To classify languages into type-groups
| classificatory typology
| To establish specific features of contrasted languages
| characterology(comparative typology)
| 4. Character of Cross-linguistic Variation
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| A phenomenon of one language is absent from another language
| qualitative typology(e.g.: article in English and Russian; gender in English and French)
| A phenomenon of one language prevails over the same phenomenon in an another language
| quantitative typology(e.g.: compounding is more widely used in English than in French and more widely used in French than in Russian) (features: dominant vs. recessive)
| 5. Level of Analysis
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| Studies types of derivation and means of their expression
| structural typology(e.g.: in English conversion does not change the form of a converted word, while in Russian it does: E: work(v.) ~ work(n.), R: работа(n.) ~ работать(v.))
| Studies how derivational types function in contrasted languages
| functional typology(compounding is more widely used in English than in French, while affixation is more widely used in French than in English)
| Studies semantic patterns of derivational morphemes
| semantic typology(in Russian a person name, as a rule, expresses sex, while in English it is usually not expressed: R: учитель ~ учительница,E: teacher ~ teacher)
| 6. Approach
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| From form to meaning
| semasiological approach(e.g. the suffix -er in English can express “agent”: hunter)
| From meaning to form
| onomasiological approach(e.g. the meaning “agent” may be taken as a basis to study ways of expressing it English and Russian: E: -er, -ant, -ee, -man, etc. R: -ник(-ница), -чик(-чица),-щик (-щица), -тель, -ец, -овец, -арь, -ша, -ха, -ка)
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