Passive voice

We must learn to use the Passive.

The Passive must be learned and used.

The wind shook the house.

The house was shaken.

We took what we could,

But not everything was taken.

Some men brought boats.

When the boats were brought,

They went to buy clothing.

The clothing was bought.

We found all the children.

The children were found.

But the wind threw the house down;

It was thrown to the ground.

We built a new house,

It was built too fast to tell.

We did the work together;

It was done very well.

We finished the work

On Saturday morning;

And when it was finished,

We rested.

Формы страдательного залога (Passive Voice) употребляются:

I. Когда в центре внимания говорящего находится лицо или предмет, которые подвергаются действию, а не лицо или предмет, которые совершают действие.

II. Когда лицо, совершающее действие, несущест­венно, неизвестно или не упоминается по каким-либо причинам.

III. В тех случаях, когда лицо, совершающее дейст­вие, не упоминается, так как это не существенно, не нужно, часто указывается на то, где, когда или как происходит действие.

(Where?) English is spoken all over the world.

(When?) Football and hockey are played all the year round.

(How?) Fish is not eaten with a knife.

IV. Лицо, свершающее действие указывается дополнением с предлогом by: by the teacher, by the pupils, by the carpenter. Инструмент, при помощи которого дейстие совершается, указывается дополнением с предлогом with: with a knife, with a hammer.

V. Формы страдательного залога образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответ­ствующем времени и третьей формы смыслового глагола be + V₃V_ed

Cуществует 10 видо-временных форм в страдательном залоге:

1. Present Simple Passive am/is/are + V₃V_ed I am taken to the theatre every month.

The room is cleaned every day.

Books are read by children and grown-ups.

2. Past Simple Passive was/were + V₃V_ed The book was written by A.S.Pushkin.

The flowers were bought yesterday.

3. Future Simple Passive shall/will be + V₃V_ed We shall be given fruit tomorrow.

The letters will be sent next week.

4. Future-in-the Past should/would be + V₃V_ed They said that the letters would be sent the

Simple Passive next day.

5. Present Perfect Passive have/has been + V₃V_ed The desks have already been painted.

The composition has just been written.

6. Past Perfect Passive had been + V₃V_ed The room had been cleaned before Mother

came home.

7. Future Perfect Passive shall/will have been The work will have been done by 5 o’clock

+ V₃V_ed tomorrow.

8. Future-in-the Past should/would have They promised that the work would have

Perfect Passive been + V₃V_ed been done by 5 o’clock the next day.

9. Present Continuous am/is/are being + The room is being cleaned now.

Passive V₃V_ed

10. Past Continuous was/were being + The trees were being planted when we were Passive V₃V_ed walking in the park.

VI. В английском языке есть группа глаголов (to give, to allow, to show, to tell, to offer), после которых возможно употребление и прямого, и косвенного дополнения (Mother gave Tom an apple). Хотя эти глаголы могут употребляться в двух страдатель­ных оборотах (1) Tom was given an apple. 2) An apple was given to Tom), первый вари­ант оказывается более предпочтительным.

I was offered an interesting job. Nick was allowed to go there. We were told about it yesterday.

VII. Следует обратить внимание на употребление в страдательном залоге глаголов, которые часто используются с предлогами — to laugh at, to speak to (about), to listen to, to send for, etc.

He is much spoken about. – О нем много говорят.

They are never listened to. – Их никогда не слушают.

The doctor has been sent for. - За доктором послали.

1. Marriages are made a) cannot be undone.

2. Easily earned money b) than badly taught.

3. The devil is not so black c) is quickly spent.

4. Things done d) as he is painted.

5. Better untaught e) in heaven.

1. Браки совершаются на небесах.

2. Недоученный хуже неученого.

3. Не так страшен черт, как его малюют.

4. После драки кулаками не машут.

5. Что легко наживается, легко и проживается.

IX Read the English proverbs and find the Russian equivalents:

1. What is done cannot be undone. Дерево познается по плоду.

2. A tree is known by its fruit. Что сделано, того не воро­тишь.

3. Lost time is never found again. Потерянного времени никогда не воротишь.

4. Rome was not built in a day. He сразу Москва строилась.

5. Don't count your chickens before Кто раз соврет, тому в другой раз не поверят.

they are hatched. Цыплят по осени считают.

6. Never fry a fish till it is caught. He дели шкуру неубитого медведя.

7. A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.