Unit III

Подберите русские эквиваленты следующим словам, содержащим интернациональные корни

transport, term, synonymously, logistics, modern, business, product, industry, planet, construction, process, classification, method, sorting, operation, specify, assortment, potential, machinery, platform, lift, vertically

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WOOD HARVESTING

Harvesting is the preparation of logs in a forest or tree plantation according to the requirements of a user, and delivery of logs to a consumer. It includes the cutting of trees, their conversion into logs, extraction and long distance transport to a consumer or processing plant. The terms “timber harvesting”, “wood harvesting” or “logging” are often used synonymously.

Logging is the felling, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks. In forestry, the term “logging” is sometimes used in a narrow sense concerning the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard. Timber harvesting, the more modern term for logging, is the act of cutting down trees, removing them from the forest, and eventually processing them into consumer or business products. Logging is one of the major industries on the planet, as trees are used in everything from construction, to paper, to clothing, to garden supplies. There are many pieces of equipment used at every step in the timber harvesting process, and the equipment is constantly evolving to be more efficient, more versatile, and safer.

One common classification of harvesting methods is based on distinguishing between:

1. Tree-length logging. Trees are felled and then delimbed and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is bucked and loaded on a truck.

2. Full-tree logging. Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing.

3. Cut-to-length logging. Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking and sorting (pulpwood, sawlog, etc.) at the stump area, leaving limbs and tops in the forest.

While many different methods are used for wood harvesting, they all involve a similar sequence of logging operations:

· tree felling: severing a tree from the stump and bringing it down;

· topping and debranching (delimbing): cutting off the unusable tree crown and the branches;

· debarking: removing the bark from the stem; this operation is often done at the processing plant rather than in the forest; in fuelwood harvesting it is not done at all;

· extraction (skidding): moving the stems or logs from the stump to a place close to a forest road where they can be sorted, piled and often stored temporarily, awaiting long distance transport;

· log making/cross-cutting (bucking): cutting the stem to the length specified by the intended use of the log;

· scaling: determining the quantity of logs produced, usually by measuring volume (for small dimension timber also by weight; the latter is common for pulpwood; weighing is done at the processing plant in that case);

· sorting (grading), piling and temporary storage: logs are usually of variable dimensions and quality, and are therefore classified into assortments according to their potential use as pulpwood, sawlogs and so on, and piled until a full load, usually a truckload, has been assembled; the cleared area where these operations, as well as scaling and loading, take place is called a “ landing ”;

· loading: moving the logs onto the transport medium, typically a truck, and attaching the load.

These operations are not necessarily carried out in the above sequence. Depending on the forest type, the kind of product desired and the technology available, it may be more advantageous to carry out an operation either earlier (i.e., closer to the stump) or later (i.e., at the landing or even at the processing plant).

Felled logs are then generally transported to a sawmill to be cut into timber, a paper mill for paper pulp, or for other purposes like fence posts. When felled logs sit adjacent to a road, heavy machinery may simply lift logs onto trucks. Many methods exist to transport felled logs lying away from roads. Cable logging involves a yarder which pulls one or several logs along the ground to platform where a truck is waiting. When the terrain is too uneven to pull logs on the ground, a skyline can lift logs off the ground vertically, similar to a ski lift. Heavy-lift helicopters may be used when cable logging is not allowed due to environmental concerns or when roads are lacking. Helicopters are the most expensive form of log transport. Less mainstream forms of log transport, or methods used previously include horses, oxen, or balloon logging.

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