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Текст 9: phobia





The term phobia, which comes from the Ancient Creek word for fear (fobos), denotes a number of psychological conditions that can range from serious disabilities to common fears. Phobias are the most common form of anxiety disorder. An American study by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) found that between 5.1 and 21.5 percent of Americans suffer from phobias. orth Broken down by age and gender, the study found that phobias were the most common mental illness among women in all age groups and the second most common illness among men older that 25.

Most psychologists and psychiatrists divide phobias into three categories. Social phobias – fears to do with other people and social relationships such as performance anxiety, fears of eating in public, etc. Specific phobias – fear of a single specific panic trigger, like dogs, flying, running water and so on. Agoraphobia – a generalised fear of leaving your home or your small familiar safe area, and of the inevitable panic attacks that will follow. Agoraphobia is the only phobia regularly treated as a medical condition.

Many specific phobias, such as fears of dogs, height, spider bites, and so forth, are extensions of fears that everyone has. People with these phobias treat them by avoiding the thing they fear. Many specific phobias can be traced back to a specific triggering event, usually a traumatic experience at an early age. Social phobias and agoraphobia have more complex that are not entirely known at this time. It is believed that heredity, genetics and brain-chemistry combine with life-experiences to play a major role in the development of anxiety disorders and phobias.

Phobias vary in severity among individuals, with some phobics simply disliking or avoiding the subject of their fear and suffering mild anxiety. Others suffer fully- fledged panic attacks with all the associated disabling symptoms. It is possible for a sufferer to phobias about virtually anything.

The name of a phobia generally contains a Greek word for what the patient fears plus the suffix-phobia. Greating these terms is something of a word game. Few of these are found in medical literature, e.g. cancerophobia is a fear of cancer, neerophobia is a fear of death or dead things or cardiophobia is a fear of heart disease.

Some therapists use virtual reality to desensitize patients to the feared thing. Other forms of therapy that may be of benefit to phobies are graduated exposure therapy and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Anti – anxietly medication can also be of assistance in some cases. Most phobies understand that they are suffering from an irrational fear but are powerless to override their initial panic reaction.

Graduated Exposure and CBT both work towards the goal of desensitizing the sufferer, and changing the thought patterns that are contributing to there panic. Gradual desensitization treatment and CBT are often extremely successful provided the phobic is willing to enduresome discomfort and to make a continuous effort over a long period of tame. Proctitioners of nearo- linguistic programining (NLP) claim to have a procedure that can be used to alleviate most specific phobias in a single therapeutic session though this has not yet been verified scientifically.

In some cases a fear or hatred is not considered a phobia in the clinical sense because it is believed to be only a symptom of other psychological problems or the result of ignorance, or of political or social beliefs. There are phobias in a more general, popular sense of the word:

· Xenophobia, fear or dislike of strangers or the unknown, often used to deseribe nationalistic political beliefs and movements.

· Homophobia, fear or dislike of homosexual people.

· Islamophobia, fear or dislike of Muslims or Islamic culture.

Furthermore, the term hydrophobia, or fear of water, is usually not a psychological condition at all, but another term for the disease rabies, referring to a common symptom. Likewise photophobia, is a physical complaint aversion to light due to an inflamed or painful eye or excessively dilated pupils.

 

Date: 2015-07-01; view: 1406; Нарушение авторских прав; Помощь в написании работы --> СЮДА...



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