The process of the development and change in the range of meaning.

The words in the vocabulary develop gradually and the older the word is the more complicated is its structure. There are two types of causes of meanings development extra linguistic and intra linguistic. Ta extra linguistic and intra linguistic. To extra linguistic we refer the scientific progress due to which new object of the reality appears which require new names. The development of socially culture also bring in to existence new lexims or increase the number of meaning within the structure of the word that already exist. To intra linguistic factors we refer the changes in semantic structures which take place as the result of correlations between the word existing in the language or between the native words and borrowings as well as different phonetic changes. The process of words development is usually based on some transferents. Example, the word carriage was used in previous centuries to denote the wheeled vehicle (колісний транспорт) drown by horses we apply to word carriage to denote a certain part of the train down by locomotive.

Transference based on resembles is called linguistic-metaphor. In this case a new meaning appears as a result of associating the objects phenomenon or quality due to their cut, what similarity Golden hair; The eye of the needle; The heck of the bottle. This meaning (metaphorical) is usually on the abstract sphere and are also used and idiomatically.

Transference based on contiguity is called linguistic metonymy. In this case the association is based on the settle pay colloquial links between different objects and phenomenon, sometimes it is difficult to trace and identify these links. Example: in Old English objective glad meant bright, shining and it was applied to such nouns as sun, gold, jewelry. Modern meaning of this word is joyful. It developed on the bases of the association of: light with joy, the foot of a bed, the hand of the clock.

14. Development of the word meaning: narrowing and broadening, elevation and degradation of the meaning.

Under the term broadening the meaning we mean its generalization. The word denotes a wide circle of objects, phenomena. The process which is contrary to this one is narrowing. The meaning is the more specialized one.

Girl: 1. In Old Eng its denotes a child of any sex.

2. A child female (narrowing)

3. A young person or child female sex

4. A young female whether married or not (broadening)

5. A female irrespective of age and marital status (broadening)

We observe degradation of meaning when in the word which didn’t have any negative connotative evaluation appears such connotation. Silly (Old Eng – happy, Modern Eng – foolish), gossip(O E –God parent, M E – who spreads rumors).

Elevation is contrary to degradation and takes place when negative connotative evaluation disappears from the semantic structure of the word. Nice (O E –foolish, M E – pleasant looking), marshal(O E –a man attending the horses, M E –the highest rank in the army).

15. Word-building: affixation, conversion, and composition.

Word building is a producing a new words. Words consist of smaller units – morphemes, which are subdivided into roots or affixes. Affixation – is a building of a new word by adding an affix or several affixes to some root morpheme. Classification of affixes:

a) According to their position: prefixes, suffixes, infixes; b) accord function and meaning- derivational and functional; c) Productive- forming new word(-re, non, ism); non-productive – (-dom, hood, -some);d) native(-er, -ship, -ish, -some) and borrowed.

Conversion makes a new word from existing word by changing the category of a part of speech, morphemic shape of the original words remaining unchanged(love - to love, hand – to hand, yellow – to yellow) The new word has a meaning that differs from original one, though it can be easily associated with it. Especially affected by conversion noun and verb.

Composition – is a producing a new word by combining 2 or more stems (stem consists from roots and affix):heart-broken, handicraft, son-in-law, film-star, Xmas.

Types of composition: 1) Neutral: a) Simple consist of simple affixes stems (sunflower, bedroom); a) Derivational – have affixes in their structure (blue-eyed, music-lover); c) Contracted (TV-set, T-shirt); 2) Morphological- 2 stems are combined by a linking vowel or consonant (handiwork);3) Syntactic- formed from segments of speech(mother- in- law).