Тема № 2:Менеджмент.

Вариант №2

Тема № 1: Высшее образование в России и за рубежом.

Types of institutions in Russia.

Russia has three types of institutions:

• Universities: responsible for education and research in a variety of disciplines; There are "classical" and "technical" universities with special attention paid respectively to social sciences and humanities or natural fundamental and applied (engineering) sciences. Unofficial ratings also distinguish old "classical" universities and "new" universities, former pedagogical or technical institutions which have acquired their university status quite recently.
• Academies: responsible for education and research. They differ from universities only in that they restrict themselves to a single discipline;
• Institutes: multi-discipline oriented. They can be independent structural units, or part of a university or academy and usually specialize in one field. However pedagogical institutes are responsible for the entire spectrum of disciplines taught at schools
• Private institutions: present in increasing numbers. They offer degrees in non-engineering fields such as business, culture, sociology and religion.

Degree structure

There is a new degree structure, which follows a three-tier pattern, three levels, and uses U.S./British nomenclature.

Currently there are only two types of diploma (degrees) which are officially recognized as certifying a completed higher education - these are diploma of specialist and diploma of a Master level (magistr).

The Bachelor diploma and the certificate of "incomplete higher education" are not regarded as high education degrees. In some cases a bachelor degree suffices to start a career. However, bachelors (or undergraduates) are not allowed to take positions where higher education is required by labor law or by custom, and they can't get the research degree of Candidate of Sciences. Male graduates are drafted into the army as soldiers and must serve for two years while specialists and post-graduates have a 6 month shorter conscription period.

It should be noted that Russia has signed the Bologna Declaration and by the year 2010 transition to a two- tier degree structure should be completed, the objective is specified as one of the ultimate goals of the country's educational reforms.

Задание 1.

1.1.Определите, является утверждение:

The Bachelor diploma suffices to start a career.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

1.2.Определите, является утверждение:

Universities are the last stage in higher system of education.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

1.3.Определите, является утверждение:

Academies restrict themselves to various disciplines.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

Задание 2.

Укажите, какой части текста (1,2,3,4,5) соответствует следующая информация:

Private institution offer degrees in non-engineering fields such as business, culture, sociology and religion.

Задание 3.

Ответьте на вопрос:

What are Academies responsible for?

a. education and research

b. the certificate of "incomplete higher education"

c. the country's educational reforms

Тема № 2:Менеджмент.

Текст 1.

Nature of managerial work.

In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers) and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very rarely.

In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor.

Difficulties arise in tracing the history of management. Some see it (by definition) as a late modern (in the sense of late modernity) conceptualization. On those terms it cannot have a pre-modern history, only harbingers (such as stewards). Others, however, detect management-like-thought back to Sumerian traders and to the builders of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. Slave-owners through the centuries faced the problems of exploiting/motivating a dependent but sometimes unenthusiastic or recalcitrant workforce, but many pre-industrial enterprises, given their small scale, did not feel compelled to face the issues of management systematically. However, innovations such as the spread of Arabic numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.

Given the scale of most commercial operations and the lack of mechanized record-keeping and recording before the industrial revolution, it made sense for most owners of enterprises in those times to carry out management functions by and for themselves. But with growing size and complexity of organizations, the split between owners (individuals, industrial dynasties or groups of shareholders) and day-to-day managers (independent specialists in planning and control) gradually became more common.

Задание 1.

1.1.Определите, является утверждение:

In the public sector of countries politicians hire many managers and administrators.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

1.2.Определите, является утверждение:

Secondary function in management is the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

1.3.Определите, является утверждение:

Management appeared not so long ago.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. в тексте нет информации

Задание 2.

Укажите, какой части текста (1,2,3,4) соответствует следующая информация:

Innovations such as the spread of Arabic numerals (5th to 15th centuries) and the codification of double-entry book-keeping (1494) provided tools for management assessment, planning and control.

Задание 3.

Ответьте на вопрос:

What arise in tracing the history of management?

a. innovations

b. difficulties

c. assessment

Текст 2.

Growth and portfolio theory

In the 1970s much of strategic management dealt with size, growth, and portfolio theory. The long-term PIMS study, started in the 1960s and lasting for 19 years, attempted to understand the Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies (PIMS), particularly the effect of market share. It started at General Electric, moved to Harvard in the early 1970s, and then moved to the Strategic Planning Institute in the late 1970s. It now contains decades of information on the relationship between profitability and strategy. Their initial conclusion was unambiguous: the greater a company's market share, their rate of profit. Market share provides economies of scale. It also provides.

The benefits of high market share naturally led to an interest in growth strategies. The relative advantages of horizontal integration, vertical integration, diversification, franchises, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures and organic growth were discussed.

By the early 1980s the paradoxical conclusion was that high market share and low market share companies were often very profitable but most of the companies in between were not. This was sometimes called the “hole in the middle” problem. Porter explained this anomaly in the 1980s.

One of the most valuable concepts in the strategic management of multi-divisional companies was portfolio theory. In the previous decade Harry Markowitz and other financial theorists developed modern portfolio theory. They concluded that a broad portfolio of financial assets could reduce specific risk. In the 1970s marketers extended the theory to product portfolio decisions and managerial strategists extended it to operating division portfolios. Each of a company’s operating divisions was seen as an element in the firm's portfolio. Each operating division was treated as a semi-independent profit center with its own revenues, costs, objectives and strategies.

Several techniques were developed to analyze the relationships between elements in a portfolio. B.C.G. Analysis, for example, was developed by the Boston Consulting Group in the early 1970s. Shortly after that the G.E. multi factoral model was developed by General Electric. Companies continued to diversify until the 1980s when it was realized that in many cases a portfolio of operating divisions was worth more as separate completely independent companies.

Задание 1.

1.1.Определите, является утверждение:

The benefits of high market share naturally led to an interest in growth strategies.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. тексте нет информации

1.2. Определите, является утверждение:

Several techniques were developed to analyze business strategies.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. тексте нет информации

1.3. Определите, является утверждение:

One of the most useless concepts in the strategic management of multi-divisional companies was portfolio theory.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. тексте нет информации

1.4. Определите, является утверждение:

Market share provides economies of scale.

a. истинным

b. ложным

c. тексте нет информации

Задание 2.

Укажите, какой части текста (1,2,3,4,5) соответствует следующая информация:

The long-term PIMS study, started in the 1960s and lasting for 19 years, attempted to understand the Profit Impact of Marketing Strategies (PIMS).

In the 1970s marketers extended the theory to product portfolio decisions and managerial strategists extended it to operating division portfolios.

Задание 3.

Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What did strategic management deal with in the 1970s?

a. analysis of the relationships between elements in a portfolio

b. size, growth, and portfolio theory

c. operating division portfolios

2. What was one of the most valuable concepts in the strategic management of multi-divisional companies?

a. portfolio theory

b. market theory

c. operating theory