Контрольная работа № 2

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 1

Для правильного выполнения контрольного задания № 1 необходимо усвоить следующий грамматический материал:

1.Имя существительное: множественное число; выражение падежных отношений в английском языке с помощью предлогов и окончания -s; существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2.Имя прилагательное: степени сравнения имен прилагательных.

3.Местоимения: личные, притяжательные, вопросительные, указательные, неопределенные и отрицательные.

4.Спряжение глаголов to be, to have в Present, Past и Future Indefinite. Оборот «there + to be».

ВАРИАНТ I

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) carries; 2) centuries; 3) cities; 4) galleries; 5) knives; 6) qualified.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Factory workers

2. City museum

3. Month salary

4. Moscow university

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Переведите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, заканчивающиеся на - s, и какую функцию этот суффикс выполняет:

а) показатель 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite

б) признак множественного числа существительного

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Moscow's Underground carries more than a million passengers every day.

2. The City museum consists of 12 halls.

3. Moving escalators bring people to underground trains.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Переведите предложения, содержащие оборот «there + to be».

1. Were there University buildings in the centre of the city?

2. There was no water basin in mountain part of the country.

3. There is a bus stop not far from the railway station.

4. There will be the meeting of experts next week.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. The Thames is the largest, but not the deepest river in England.

2. That task was more difficult than this one.

3. One of the most popular buildings in England is St. Paul's Cathedral.

4. The more you listen to foreign speech, the more you understand it.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы глаголов to have, to be, неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

1. The factory had no problems with qualified personnel.

2. No city in England has so many resort places as Brighton.

3. His friends usually have a good time in summer.

4. I have some work to do and I am not free at the moment.

5. They are against any changes in the project.

6. Why shall you be in a hurry?

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3-й, 4-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. Heavy traffic - оживленное движение

2. То behead - обезглавить

MORE ABOUT LONDON

1. London is the capital of England, the capital of Great Britain, and the capital of the United Kingdom. It is the largest city in Europe and one of the oldest towns in the world. The old Celts gave it its name, the Romans made it the centre of their new colony, the Germanic invaders made London the capital of the country.

The central part of London is full of historical remains. Almost every building, every bridge, every street, palace house, and stone - each of them has its own story, its own past. In London past and present are so mixed that they cannot easily be separated and when you are in London you see the past in the present and the present in the past.

2. The oldest part of London is called the City. In the City the streets and pavements are very narrow and the traffic is very heavy but on week-ends the City is almost dead.

The most fashionable and the most expensive part to live in is the West End. It is situated between the City and Hyde Park. The City and the West End are the heart of London; they are the parts which everybody who comes to London must see and want to see, because they are more interesting than any other part of London. All the most interesting buildings, stores and offices are situated here.

3. The Tower of London, the Bank of England, the Mansion House where the Lord Mayor lives, the Law Courts, and many interesting old churches are situated in the City. The Houses of Parliament with Big Ben, Westminster Abbey, the National Gallery and many theatres and large stores are in the West End.

London has many bridges over the Thames, more than twenty, but the most interesting of them is the Tower Bridge situated near the Tower of London.

4. The Tower of London is an old castle, with high walls, high towers, small windows and large gardens. Once, it was a royal residence, a strong fortress and a state prison. Here many important people, among them two wives of Henry VIII, were imprisoned and beheaded.

London is the most important industrial centre in Britain. There are many industries - old and modern there.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. The City is the oldest part of London, isn’t it?

2. Are the city and the West End the heart of London?

3. Are the streets in the City narrow or wide?

4. What is the most fashionable part of London?

5. Who gave the city its name?

ВАРИАНТ II

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) largest; 2) ferries; 3) cities; 4) symphonies; 5) territories; 6) boundaries.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. A history museum

2. City transport

3. Town people

4. Sports centers

5. Street accident

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Переведите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, заканчивающиеся на - s, и какую функцию этот суффикс выполняет:

а) показатель 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Henry Brown prepares to become a student.

2. Mr. Barker studies metals behaviour under different temperatures.

3. Mrs. Smith's opinion on the problem differs from mine.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Переведите предложения, содержащие оборот «there + to be».

1. In the city there are Sports Centers which train ice-hockey players, figure-skaters, boxers, etc.

2. There is a rich collection of historic documents in the State History Museum.

3. There was an accident in the street and a lot of people saw if.

4. Are there any books on this problem at the Institute Library?

5. There will be no students at this conference.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. St. Petersburg is the most modern and the most fashioned of Russian cities.

2. He makes fewer mistakes in his speech now than the previous year.

3. The longer you stay in the city, the more you like it.

4. The largest Publishing Houses are located in the centre of the city.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы глаголов to have, to be, неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

1. Dickens was a progressive English writer of his time.

2. Is Washington in the South or in the North of the U.S.A.?

3. I hope they will be in time.

4. Some of my group-mates have this textbook.

5. No student of this group has poor marks.

6. All the exhibits of the museum are of great interest to the visitors.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно 3-й, 4-й.

NEW YORK

1. New York is a city where all the languages of the world are spoken and where people live on the ground, travel under the ground and work in the sky.

New York makes a great impression on all visitors because of its many high buildings, its theatres, museums and hotels, its beautiful bridges, and its expensive stores with their fabulous prices.

The first permanent white settlers came to New York from Holland in 1626. It was these Dutch settlers who bought all of Manhattan Island from the Indians for the equivalent of twenty-five dollars, while today some of this land costs a million dollars an acre. This island is the heart of the city.

2. It is on Manhattan Island that most of the skyscrapers are located. This island is connected by six long bridges, as well as by tunnels and ferries, with the other four districts that constitute New York City.

New York is the largest city in the United States. Today there are more people living in the New York City than in Australia, Peru or Sweden.

3. For transportation New York depends mainly on buses, subway, and ferries. The buses are slow because of the crowded streets, whereas the subway trains can go as fast as railroad trains, sometimes stopping only at the most important stations. We may go all day by the subway for 50 cents, if we only change trains but do not go out of the stations.

New York moves vertically as well as horizontally, taking its people by elevators to their offices on the fortieth, sixtieth, and eightieth floor.

4. New York is the richest and the poorest, the most modern and the most old-fashioned of cities. It is the home of expensive hotels and cheap boarding houses, the home of symphonies and popular jazz, of cathedrals and night clubs; the home of famous Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of Art; the home of the largest publishing houses of the United States and of the biggest newspapers. On the Fifth Avenue there are many expensive stores of international fame, but around the corner one may find little shops where imitation diamonds and cheap souvenirs are sold.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. New York is the largest city in the USA, isn't it?

2. Does New York make a great impression?

3. Where from did the first settlers come to New York?

4. Did the white settlers arrive to New York from Holland or from France?

5. For what price did the Dutch settlers buy Manhattan Island from Indians?

ВАРИАНТ III

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) communities; 2) arteries; 3) earliest; 4) largest; 5) produced; 6) biggest; 7) well equipped.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Street noise

2. A history master

3. A door bell

4. City population

5. Entertainment centre

6. City limits

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Переведите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, заканчивающиеся на –s и какую функцию этот суффикс выполняет:

а) показатель 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного

в) показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The foundation of the city dates back to the 17^th century.

2. The author mentions this fact in his article.

3. The professor gave several examples of Russian scientists' international ties.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Переведите предложения, содержащие оборот «there + to be».

1. There are 21 million passenger trips all over the world made in private cars every day.

2. There were no famous actors in the film studio yesterday.

3. Not far from the town there was a beautiful lake.

4. There is a monument to the dog in Pavlovo near St. Petersburg.

5. Will there be an interesting exhibition of modern painting at the city museum next week?

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. The faster you drive the quicker you get to the airport.

2. The more experiments we carry out, the more information we obtain.

3. The Volga Hydropower Station is the biggest in Europe.

4. Hyde Park of London is one of the most popular places for political meetings and demonstrations in Great Britain.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы глаголов to have, to be, неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

1. The problem was not interesting and only some people took part in the discussion.

2. Any student who is interested in geography must know the map of the world.

3. Some 250 people were present at the meeting.

4. No student of our group will be engaged in the experiment.

5. This man has a very interesting life story.

6. The students had the possibility to attend the lecture on-ancient arts.

7. The students will have well-equipped laboratories for the experiment.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3-й, 4-й абзацы.

LOS ANGELES

1. Los Angeles is California's biggest city both in population and territory which is 457,5 square miles. The city's population is third largest in the USA being 3 million people within the city limits and 7 million with the suburbs.

2. The place was first visited in 1769 by a Spanish expedition. In 1781 Governor Filippe de Nave with eleven families founded the village of our Lady the Queen of the Angels. In the early 19th century the city served as a capital of the Mexican province. It was the last place to surrender to the USA in 1847. Growth was, very slow at first. The people of Los Angeles were paying more attention to playing the guitar than to tilling their land. More recently the city's growth has been due to the development of the fruit industry and the film production. More than 2/3 of all the films produced in the USA come from Hollywood. This made Los Angeles the entertainment centre of the USA.

3. In addition, the city thrives on tourism, world trade and highly developed industry of which some of the most important elements are the oil, electronics, aircraft and space industries. Los Angeles consists of different communities. For example, Hollywood, film-making capital of the nation lies within the Los Angeles city limits.

4. Los Angeles gained popularity, as the city of a great number of automobiles. It has more passenger cars than any other American city. About 1 /3 of the central area is devoted to parking. 21 million passenger totaling 112 million vehicle miles are made in private cars every day.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Los Angeles is the biggest city in California, isn't it?

2. Is tourism well-developed in Los Angeles?

3. Did the people of Los Angeles like to play the guitar or till the land?

4. What is the city famous for?

5. Who was the first to visit the place?

ВАРИАНТ IV

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) cities; 2) largest; 3) discoveries; 4) forbidding; 5) countries.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Story teller

2. Office workers

3. Passenger cars

4. Discussion problems

5. History teacher

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, заканчивающиеся на -s, и какую функцию этот суффикс выполняет:

а) показатель 3 лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного

в) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Higher school's curriculum comprises a lot of subjects.

2. While at the Institute the students have to attend many courses of lectures.

3. The delegation arrives at the city airport at 11 a.m.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Переведите предложения, содержащие оборот «there + to be». Обратите внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык.

1. There is much clay on the territory of Great Britain.

2. There was much noise in the street.

3. There will be a great deal of work for me next month.

4. There are no necessary materials for this mixture.

5. Were there any calls in the evening?

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. The new project is much more expensive than the old one.

2. In the political sense Moscow is the most important Russian city.

3. This house has a better design than any other building of the town.

4. The more I listened to him the less I understood the problem.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы глаголов to have, to be, неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

1. The TV programme on Saturday wasn't very interesting.

2. I am afraid there are some students in your group who were not told about the conference.

3. Any exhibit of the museum will be of great interest for the visitors.

4. Physicists have made some new discoveries on light.

5. Have they any concept of the new polymers and methods of their application?

6. No performance of this actor was so successful as the last one.

7. Will the students have any laboratories at their disposal?

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3-й, 4-й абзацы.

THE CITY OF WASHINGTON

1. The United States which consists of 50 states has many large cities throughout the country. Washington D.C., the capital of the United States, is approximately two hundred miles south of New York. It is situated on both sides of the Potomac River in the District of Columbia.

There was no city on the banks of the Potomac river except a number of little ports. The site of the city as the national capital was chosen by George Washington when he was the president and his choice was adopted by Congress in the act of 1790.

The terms "Washington" and "District of Columbia" are practically synonymous.

2. By 1800 the north section of Washington was completed and Congress moved from Philadelphia to the new capital. So, Washington has been the capital of the USA since 1800.

In the political sense Washington is the administrative centre and the most important city in the United States. It is the centre of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the Federal Government of the United States of America.

Washington has low buildings because of a law forbidding to build structures more than 90 feet high. It presents a different appearance from New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and some other American cities with their skyscrapers.

3. The city was planned by a French engineer, Pierre L' Enfant, the sight of the city still shows evidence of the original plan. While planning the city Capitol Hill has been selected as the focal point. Many Government buildings are concentrated on the land between the Capitol where Congress holds its meetings and the White House where President lives and has his offices.

4. At the time of its foundation there were few trees and houses in Washington and the streets were planned straight, in French manner. Now Washington has more trees than any other city in the country. The divide avenues are lined with old shady trees the branches of which frequently meet in a continuous arch high above the street.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Washington is located in the District of Columbia, isn't it?

2. Is the city situated on the banks of the Potomac river?

3. Was the city planned by a French or an English engineer?

4. Where are the government buildings situated?

5. Who has chosen the place for the city?

ВАРИАНТ V

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) fisheries; 2) factories; 3) industries; 4) knives; 5) cities; 6) libraries; 7) studies.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Film production

2. Entertainment centre

3. A life story

4. City growth

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Переведите предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, заканчивающиеся на -s, и какую функцию этот суффикс выполняет:

а) показатель 3 лица единственного числа в Present Indefinite

б) признак множественного числа имени существительного

в)показатель притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. This College trains specialists for some branches of modern industry.

2. In the North nature sleeps during 10 months a year.

3. We time our watches by radio.

4. They hope that the young scientist's research work will be successful.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Переведите предложения, содержащие оборот «there + to be».

1. There are many new machine-building factories in the country.

2. Were there new results in your research?

3. There will be a secondary school in this village.

4. There is a good chance for you to travel to that country.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения.

1. Agatha Christie is one of the most famous English writers.

2. The Moskva river is not so wide and deep as the Neva.

3. The longer the tourists stayed in London the more they liked it.

4. The second text is as difficult as the first one.

5. The task was less difficult this time.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Переведите предложения, содержащие разные формы глаголов to have, to be, неопределенные и отрицательные местоимения.

1. Any number of people can be included in the experiment.

2. Though it was December there was no ice on the rivers.

3. There are some students in our group who will get good marks at the examinations.

4. He had the car and liked quick drive.

5. After the earthquake the city was in ruins and its inhabitants had a lot of work to restore it.

6. The students were in the laboratory, they were making some experiments there.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите и переведите устно 1-й абзац, письменно 2-й, 3-й абзацы.

BRITISH INDUSTRIAL CENTRES

1. BIRMINGHAM

In the heart of England, about 112 miles north-west of London, there is Birmingham, a city with over a million inhabitants. Its growth during the last century was very rapid, due to the iron industry. Though Birmingham has no outlet on the sea-coast and does not stand on any great river, it has become a busy industrial city.

Over 70 miles away there is the nearest port of Liverpool. It is on the river Mersey. But most of the goods, manufactured in Birmingham are transported to London and distributed to different parts of the world.

The district around Birmingham is called the «Black Country». It is the land of factories and mines. The factories are engaged in hardware industry. Birmingham's factories produce steam engines, gas engines, motor-cars, railway carriages, guns, rails, bicycles, carpenter's tools, nails, screws, knives, etc.

2. THE CITY OF SHEFFIELD

The modern city with over and a half million people has grown from the tiny hamlet Escafield. The city's great industries have made the words «Sheffield, England» famous throughout the world. There are beautiful residential suburbs round the city. The Don, the principal river flows through the city.

The people concentrated their industries in one place, and the natural beauty of other places is left for their homes. This makes the city unique among other English manufacturing towns. There is scarcely a street in the city's centre from which green fields cannot be seen.

3. GRIMSBY

It is the wealthiest fishing port in Europe. Many thousands of people are engaged in fish-processing industry, shipbuilding and rope making. Ships from Grimsby can be found in different parts of the world. Until less than a century ago there were only small vessels with one mast, driven by the wind. They were poorly equipped and they fished only near the shores. The transport of fish far inland was difficult in those days, because there were no railways. The development of railways and the discovery of refrigeration played an important role for fishery.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Ответьте письменно на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Birmingham is a big industrial centre, isn't it?

2. Are manufactured in Birmingham goods transported to different parts of the world?

3. Is the Don the principal river of Sheffield or of London?

4. What is Grimsby rich in?

5. What industries are well-developed in Grimsby?

КОНТРОЛЬНАЯ РАБОТА № 2

Для правильного выполнения контрольного задания № 2 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка:

1. Существительное в функции определения и его перевод на русский язык.

2. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it.

3. Неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения.

4. Модальные глаголы:

а) выражающие возможность совершения действия (can, could, may, might, to be able to);

б) выражающие долженствование (must, should, to have to, to be to).

ВАРИАНТ I

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) studied; 2) travelled; 3) believed; 4) ashamed; 5) planning; 6) having; 7) beginning; 8) discoveries; 9) properties.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. The Mediterranean world centre

2. Everyday life problems

3. An astronomer son

4. The lever mechanics

5. The explanation discovery

6. Mankind heritage

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на грамматические функции и значения слов one, it, that.

1. The first and simplest form of carriage was the one without wheels.

2. It was in 1890 that Zhukovsky published his first paper about the lifting power of the wing.

3. In 1891 Zhukovsky proved that it was possible to build gliders (планеры) that could even describe a loop in flight (мертвая петля).

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Перепишите и письменно переведите неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения.

1. It seemed to Mendeleyev that different chemical elements were somehow related, but how?

2. One can see that it is possible to make partial conversion of 24 mass into energy, for example, by splitting atoms of uranium.

3. It was very late and there was nobody in the shop (цех).

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий долженствование.

1. At first man had no carriages and when he needed to carry things from place to place, he had to use his own muscles.

2. A travel to the Moon needs a great deal of planning. For a beginning we must decide what flight route we may follow.

3. There is a project of round-the-year sea and river navigation in which Russia, the USA and Canada should be jointly interested.

4. The problem now is to create new materials not existing in nature and having required properties.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий возможность совершения действия.

1. Rontgen knew that the cathode rays could make screen glow.

2. An important factor of melting ice in the Arctic might be the possibility of round-the-year sea and river navigation.

3. Flying from one part of the world to another satellites will be able to investigate the balance of sunlight energy absorbed and dissipated in the earth's atmosphere.

4. The proposed structures may not have been established with complete certainty.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочитайте текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно 3-й, 4-й, 5-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. Archimedes [a:kι’mi:di:z] - Архимед

2. Syracuse [‘sιərəkjus]- г. Сиракузы (Италия)

3. It is believed to have been 287 B.C. - считается 287 годом до нашей эры.

4. То keep on - продолжать

5. Lever - рычаг

6. Pythagoras and Euclid - Пифагор и Эвклид

ARCHIMEDES

(287 - 211 B.C.)

1. Archimedes was born in Syracuse, on the island of Sicily. The exact year of his birth is in doubt, but it' is believed to have been 287 B.C. At that time Sicily was a Greek land. Archimedes was the son of an astronomer. He studied at Alexandria in Egypt, the intellectual centre of the Mediterranean world, and then returned to Syracuse.

2. He had been taught at Alexandria that a scientist must be above practical affairs and everyday problems. But these problems fascinated Archimedes. He was ashamed of this interest and kept no record of the mechanical devices he invented. But he kept on inventing them.

3. One of the Archimedes early achievements was the discovery of the explanation for the mechanics of the lever. «Make the lever long enough, push the long end down far enough, and any weight can be lifted at the short end» «Give me a place to stand on and I can move the Earth», - he said.

4. In the year 213 B.C. the Romans besieged Syracuse and in three years the city fell. But even defeat could not affect the restless brain of the scientist. When the Roman soldiers swarmed into the city, Archimedes was working out a scientific problem. A soldier ordered him to surrender, but he paid no attention to the soldier. The problem was more important to him. And the soldier killed Archimedes.

5. The great Greek mathematicians before his time, such as Pythagoras and Euclid, had considered mathematics an abstract science without practical uses. Archimedes applied his knowledge of mathematics to practical problems. He showed that it was possible to apply a scientific mind to the problems of everyday life. The discoveries of Archimedes have become part of mankind's heritage.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Письменно ответьте па вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Archimedes had been taught that it was possible to apply a scientific mind to practical affairs, hadn't he?

2. Was Archimedes born in 213 B.C.?

3. Did Archimedes surrender when a soldier ordered him or did he keep on working out a scientific problem?

4. Why did Archimedes keep no records of the devices invented?

ВАРИАНТ II

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) studied; 2) travelled; 3) denied; 4) died; 5) used; 6) bodies; 7) enemies; 8) bigger; 9) travelling.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. The heavenly bodies motions theory

2. Cracow University

3. The Earth position

4. A thunder effect

5. Copernicus manuscript publication

6. The intellectual world centre.

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на грамматические функции и значение слов one, it, that.

1. It was found that the element with the highest atomic number breaks up itself, turning into the other one.

2. The internal combustion engine was put in a road vehicle and it was in that way that the motor car was born in 1826.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Перепишите и письменно переведите неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения.

1. Relying upon earth-based telescope it was impossible to go much farther than about the Moon.

2. One should be careful when working with chemical substances.

3. It was very useful to work in a scientific laboratory.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий долженствование.

1. Chalk is made up of the shells of little animals which must have been tiny things.

2. The only thing the ions are capable to do is to form a hydrogen-bonded combination (соединение с водородом).

3. When magnetizing a piece of steel by a magnet we should rub the steel always in the same direction.

4. When you look at the object with two eyes, you automatically focus them both on the object. The closer the object the more you have to turn your eyes toward each other.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий возможность совершения действия.

1. In 1841 George Stephenson from Newcastle demonstrated a locomotive that could run 18 km per hour.

2. The foreign matter such as sulphur and iron, which are found in coal, may have been due to the presence of minerals containing these elements in their neighborhood.

3. In 1905 Albert Einstein formulated a theory of the amount of energy that can have resulted from fission.

4. He said that the catalyst (катализатор) had been broken and we might not apply it.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 2-й, 3-й абзацы, письменно – 1-й, 4-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. Harvesting data and research – собирая данные и научные работы

2. His mother had began saving up for his college fund – его мама начала копить деньги на его учебу в университетском колледже

3. Densities of gases – плотности газов

4. Academicians encouraged Mendeleev's name – академики продвигали имя Менделеева

5. Get a position – получить должность

6. By picking him as an honorary member – выбором его в качестве почетного члена

DMITRY MENDELEEV(1834-1907)

1. Dmitry Mendeleev is known as an inventor who developed chemistry theories in Russia. He is considered to be the first to create a first edition of the Periodic Table of Elements. This was his greatest accomplishment and by using it, he was able to develop three new elements and the attributes of other elements that had not yet been identified. He had spent almost a quarter of his life harvesting data and research and dedicating it to his work on the periodic table.

2. Mendeleev was born on February 7th, 1834, in Tobolsk, Siberia. He was the youngest of fourteen children. Someone thought that Dmitri was his mother's favorite because she always gave him as many opportunities as she possibly could. Ever since he was a little boy, his mother had began saving up for his college fund, so that one day he would be able to be a student at the university. He showed great interest in studies such as math, geography, and physics.

3. In 1850, Mendeleev was entered in St. Petersburg and was granted a full scholarship for his studies. After completing his master's program, Mendeleev dedicated his life to his career of scientific research and teachings. In 1859, the Minister of Public Instruction gave him an assignment to leave the country and study in other areas. He met Henri Victor Regnault, a chemist in France, and focused his studies on the densities of gases. He also worked with Gustav Kirchoff on the spectroscope in Heidelberg.

4. After his discovery of the periodic law and the organization of organic chemistry through his periodic table, academicians encouraged Mendeleev's name and suggested that he would get a position in the Imperial Academy of Sciences. However, the world of science was shocked to learn that Mendeleev's proposal for the position had been rejected. Universities all around the world were angry for this unfair decision and displayed it by picking him as an honorary member for each of their organizations. Both Cambridge and Oxford University delegated him as an honorary scholar.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Mendeleev created a first edition of the Periodic Table of Elements, didn’t he?

2. Did Dmitry show great interest in studies such as math, geography, and physics?

3. Whom did Mendeleev work abroad with?

4. Why did the universities pick him as an honorary member for each of their organizations?

5. Did he spend almost a quarter or a half of his life harvesting data and research?

ВАРИАНТ III

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) judges; 2) centuries; 3) discoveries; 4) bodies; 5) denied; 6) admitted; 7) beginning; 8) circling; 9) easier; 10) earliest.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. The Universe centre

2. The inquisition churchmen

3. The inquisition judges

4. The Renaissance revolution

5. The Copernicus system defence

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание па грамматические функции и значения слов one, it, that.

1. The earliest steam-engine that found its employment in industry was that of Thomas Savery in 1698 in England.

2. It was in 1765 that the brilliant mechanic Ivan Polzunov built an even better steam-engine in Russia.

3. One of the reasons why it was better was that it could be used for many purposes and not just for pumping water.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Перепишите и письменно переведите неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения.

1. It is sometimes easier to drag a thing along than to carry it.

2. One needs as much data on neutron characteristics as possible.

3. It is raining hard, do not open the window.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий долженствование.

1. In 1769 a French officer Cugnot by name invented a steam-carriage on three wheels, which could carry only three persons, and had to stop every ten minutes to get up steam (для поднятия паров).

2. Some substances have been developed in the laboratory; the experts are to mix these substances to obtain a new one.

3. It is not difficult to see that there must have been times when our Earth was a glowing globe of melted rocks.

4. There is some acid in the tube, you should be careful with the acid.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий возможность совершения действия.

1. Man needs electricity, with its help we can drive engines and machines.

2. If you want to carry away this motor, you may do it.

3. As far as we know the Earth, its continents and oceans, its mountains and rivers could have existed since the beginning of time.

4. What seems easy for us in the structure of matter now might not have been so twenty centuries ago.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3 й, 4-й, 5-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. То turn on one's axis - вращаться вокруг своей оси

2. Summoned him to Rome - приказала ему явиться в Рим

3. То put on trial - привлекать к суду

4. Не muttered something softly to himself - он пробормотал что-то тихо про себя

5. «But it does move». - «И все же она вертится».

GALILEO GALILEI (1564 - 1633)

1. Slowly the old man got down on the knees before the judges of the inquisition. In a tired voice he said what he was ordered to say. He denied that the Earth turned on its axis and admitted that he had been wrong to teach this.

On that day, June 22, 1633, the churchmen of the inquisition believed they had won a victory. They had forced Galileo, at the age of 69, the famous scientist in Europe, to admit he was wrong.

2. Galileo was born in Pisa (Italy) on February 15, 1564. From his childhood he showed a wide range of interests. His father wanted him to be a doctor, and Galileo was unhappy when he went to the University of Pisa in 1581 to study medicine. He began studying the works of Aristotle, Euclid and Archimedes.

3. Galileo had to leave Pisa and go to the University of Padua. It was there that he did most important work of all. This was in astronomy, the field in which his discoveries contributed the most to the scientific revolution of the Renaissance. He constructed a telescope and made many important discoveries with it. He discovered mountains and craters on the Moon and spots on the Sun.

4. His most important discovery in astronomy was made on January 7 1610. He found four little moons circling the Jupiter. This completely upset the old belief that everything in the heavens rotated around the Earth. There were four bodies rotating around Jupiter. Copernicus had been right.

5. In 1632 Galileo published his defense of the Copernicus system. It was then that the inquisition summoned him to Rome and put him on trial. The story is told that when Galileo rose from his knees, after swearing the Earth stood still, he muttered something softly to himself. These words are said to have been: «But it does move».

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Galileo's discoveries in astronomy contributed the most to the scientific revolution in the Renaissance, didn't they?

2. Did Galileo's discoveries upset the old belief that everything in heavens rotated around the Earth?

3. Did Galileo say to the inquisition what he wanted or what he was ordered to say?

4. Why was Galileo unhappy at the University of Pisa?

ВАРИАНТ IV

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) tried; 2) judged; 3) refused; 4) promised; 5) formulated; 6) died; 7) buried; 8) discoveries; 9) raging; 10) using.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Attraction force

2. Spectroscopy science

3. The distance square

4. Manuscript form

5. Light and colours theory

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на грамматические функции и значения слов one, it, that.

1. So it happened that Pasteur became interested in the problem of the wine industry, a very important industry in France in the 19th century.

2. Inventors worked hard to build an engine. James Watt tried to make one, but failed.

3. It is the internal combustion engine that was built by Samuel Brown in England in 1823.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Перепишите и письменно переведшие неопределенно личные и безличные предложения.

1. It is often said that the greatest discovery of Humphrey Davy was Michael Faraday.

2. One should know that the electric cell is a device for converting chemical energy into electrical one.

3. By using television engineering it will be possible to produce a weather picture at any definite moment and on a world-wide scale.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий долженствование.

1. This investigation is evidently a matter of some importance and must be considered thoroughly.

2. For a country to be independent it is essential that the economic system should be largely in native hands.

3. You should consider all the details of the situation.

4. The installation is broken but you have to do the work in the least possible time.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий возможность совершения действия.

1. Scientists have not learned yet how to convert completely mass into energy, but a partial conversion can be made.

2. He said I might use his apparatus any day I liked.

3. The purity of an organic compound may be judged by the determination of various physical constants.

4. Could much have been done in a modern research laboratory without electricity?

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 2-й абзацы, письменно - 3-й, 4-й, 5-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. То display - проявлять, обнаруживать

2. То set out to persue - собираться, заниматься

3. Celestial mechanics - небесная механика

4. Series and binomials - ряды и биномы

5. A fellow of the Royal Society - член Королевского научного общества в Великобритании

6. Christian Huygens - Кристиан Гюйгенс

7. Robert Hooke - Роберт Гук

8. Edmund Halley - Эдмунд Галлей

9. Inversely proportional to the square of the distance between a planet and the Sun - обратно пропорциональна квадрату расстояния между планетой и солнцем

ISAAC NEWTON (1642 - 1727)

1. Isaac Newton was born in 1642, when a civil war was starting in England. In his youth he was known as a «silent, thinking boy», who played little with other boys. At the age of 18 he entered Cambridge University, where he displayed remarkable ability in science. At 26 Newton became a professor at the University and set out to pursue his three main interests: mathematics, celestial mechanics and physical optics.

2. His first major discoveries were in mathematics and concerned series and binomials. Soon afterwards he formulated his theory of colour and invented the reflecting telescope. In 1672 Newton was elected a fellow of the Royal Society.

3. Newton's first scientific publication dealt with his theory of light and colours. In this publication he founded the science of spectroscopy. At first his discoveries aroused strong objections. Among those who refused to accept them were Christian Huygens, the Dutch mathematician astronomer and physicist, and Robert Hooke.

4. In 1684 the astronomer Edmund Halley paid a visit to Newton. Halley had a problem concerning the gravitational attraction, between the Sun and the planets. Halley and Hooke had a theory that this force of attraction must be inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the planet and the Sun. But they were unable to prove their theory.

5. Newton promised to write out the theorems and proofs. He did it for the Royal Society in the form of manuscript, known as his «Principia», probably his most famous work. Newton died in 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey among English heroes.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Письменно ответьте на вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Newton's «Principia» proved the theory of Halley and Hooke, didn't it?

2. Did the first major discoveries of Newton concern the inventing of the telescope?

3. Did Isaac Newton display remarkable ability in science while at school or at the University?

Why did the astronomer Edmund Halley pay a visit to Newton?

ВАРИАНТ V

ЗАДАНИЕ 1

Напишите начальную форму слов с учетом орфографических изменений:

1) travelled; 2) determined; 3) managed; 4) tired; 5) replaced; 6) died; 7) driving; 8) refining; 9) measuring; 10) making.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2

Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания:

1. Sciences Academy University

2. The Moscow University founder

3. The modern research founder

4. Science man

5. A fisherman son

6. The literary language foundation

ЗАДАНИЕ 3

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на грамматические функции и значения слов one, it, that.

1. The only form of power first known to man is that of his own muscles.

2. It is the gravitation that makes satellites move around the earth.

3. Acid solutions are preferable to alkaline ones as they give less oxides at the cathode.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4

Перепишите и письменно переведите неопределенно-личные и безличные предложения.

1. In making special shapes it is necessary to have some clay to fill every corner of the mould.

2. One must use special instruments for measuring the resistance in the circuit.

3. It seems that he works much, he looks very tired.

ЗАДАНИЕ 5

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий долженствование.

1. The students are to work in the language laboratory to improve their pronunciation.

2. The solid crust of the Earth must have been formed from molten materials about two billion years ago.

3. They must know the results of their new experiment.

4. The use of the metal was affected by the high cost of its refining; therefore, the metal had to be replaced by the alloy.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6

Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения с модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами. В каждом предложении подчеркните глагол, выражающий возможность совершения действия.

1. We cannot land at the Moon's equator because its temperature reaches 220 °F, more than hot enough to boil water.

2. They could have done all these things with the greatest accuracy.

3. Our age is often called the age of specialization. It might be called the age of ultra-specialization, too.

4. A glass tube may be coated with fluorescent material to change the colour of the light.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7

Прочтите текст и переведите устно 1-й, 4-й абзацы, письменно – 2-й, 3-й абзацы.

ПОЯСНЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

1. Became aware of her remarkable talent – узнал о ее выдающемся таланте

2. Authorization to attend – разрешение посещать

3. Matriculation – зачисление в высшее учебное заведение

4. Came upon even stricter rules – наткнулась на такие же строгие правила

5. Received her PH.D. –получила свою степень доктора философии

6. Partial differential equations - дифференциальное уравнение с частными производными

7. Rotation of a solid body about a fixed point – вращение твердого тела вокруг неподвижной точки

SOFIA KOVALEVSKAYA

(1850-1891)

1. Sofia Korvin-Krukoskaya was born in Moscow in 1850. She was the daughter of a general. She started studying mathematics books as a girl, encouraged by her uncle Pyotr, but against the will of her father who, however, soon became aware of her remarkable talent and finally allowed her to take private lessons. In 1868 she married Vladimir Kovalevsky.

2. In Heidelberg, Kovalevskaya received a special authorization to attend the lectures without being officially a student, since matriculation was not permitted for women. In Berlin she came upon even stricter rules, and Weierstrass had to teach her privately. She soon became Weierstrass's favorite pupil, as well as his friend. In this period, she wrote three mathematical papers, for which she received her PH.D. from the University of Göttingen in 1874. However, Weierstrass was unable to find Kovalevskaya an academic position because she was a woman, so she returned to Russia and settled in St. Petersburg.

3. During the next six years she devoted herself entirely to her family, to scientific journalism and to the promotion of women's right to higher education, while she completely neglected research. She was brought back to mathematics in 1880, at an International Congress held in St. Petersburg, where Chebyshev and Mittag-Leffler requested her to give a talk.

4. In Sweden, Kovalevskaya wrote theater plays and some autobiographic novels: Memories of Childhood, A Nihilist Girl, and Vae Victis. Among her various other interests, Kovalevskaya worked on partial differential equations, integrals, and Saturn’s rings. She won the Bordin prize of the French Academy of Science in 1888 for her work on the rotation of a solid body about a fixed point.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8

Письменно ответьте па вопросы по тексту, учитывая типы вопросов.

1. Sofia was an official student in Heidelberg, wasn’t she?

2. Did she receive her PH.D. for three mathematical papers?

3. Why did Sofia have to return to Russia?

4. What did she do after coming back to Russia during the next six years?

5. Did she win the Bordin prize in 1888 or 1890?