Контрольная работа № 1. I. Перепишите следующие предложения; переведите их на русский язык; определите по грамматическим признакам

Вариант

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; переведите их на русский язык; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

· показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

· признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

· показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The company’s recent sales results were poor.

2. Fast –Track Inc., based in Boston, US, sells management training courses.

3. Fast-Track is looking for a new Sales Manager for its subsidiary in Warsaw, Poland.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. More than 1,400 readers of Cosmopolitan have applied to become a London Tube train driver.

2. Employees in large multinational companies have excellent career opportunities if they are willing to travel.

3. Direct Sun is a low-budget holiday website.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения прилагательных, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Direct Sun has a good customer base, but it wants a bigger catalogue of holidays to offer.

2. The best candidate should fill the vacant position.

3. The least successful candidates can be offered a part-time job during his/her probation.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Some people take a career break to do something adventurous like sailing around the world.

2. The previous manager had no clear strategy for developing sales in the area.

3. The staff did not seem to have any ideas about the future of the company.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. Запишите эти предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

1. It has always been a classic thing for boys to want to be train drivers.

2. London Underground described the response to its single advertisement as exceptional.

3. London Underground will hire more women next year.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Origins of Money

There are numerous myths about the origins of money. The concept of money is often confused with coinage. Coins are a relatively modern form of money. Their first appearance was probably in Asia in the 7th century BC. And whether these coins were used as money in the modern sense has also been questioned.

To determine the earliest use of money, we need to define what we mean by money. We will return to this issue shortly. But with any reasonable definition the first use of money is as old as human civilization. The early Persians deposited their grain in state or church granaries. The receipts of deposit were then used as methods of payment in the economies. Thus, banks were invented before coins. Ancient Egypt had a similar system, but instead of receipts they used orders of withdrawal – thus making their system very close to that of modern checks. In fact, during Alexander the Great’s period, the granaries were linked together, making checks in the 3rd century BC more convenient than British checks in the 1980s.

However, money is older than written history. Recent anthropological and linguistic research indicates that not only is money very old, but it’s origin has little to do with trading, thus contradicting another common myth. Rather, money was first used in a social setting. Probably at first as a method of punishment.

Early Stone Age man began the use of precious metals as money. Until the invention of coins, metals were weighed to determine their value. Counting is of course more practical, the first standardized ingots appeared around 2200 BC. Other commonplace objects were subsequently used in the abstract sense, for example miniature axes, nails, swords, etc.

Full standardization arrived with coins, approximately 700 BC. The first printed money appeared in China, around 800 AD. The first severe inflation was in the 11th century AD. The Mongols adapted the bank note system in the 13th century, which Marco Polo wrote about. The Mongol bank notes were “legal tender”, i.e. it was a capital offense to refuse them as payment. By the late 1400s, centuries of inflation eliminated printed bank notes in China. They were reinvented in Europe in the 17th century.

VI. Ответьте на вопросы после текста.

1. Are the concepts of money and coinage the same?
How old is the first money?

2. What did early Stone Age men use as money?

3. Where and when did the first bank notes appear?

4. When and where was the printed money reinvented?

Вариант

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; переведите их на русский язык; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

· показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

· признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

· показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Valentino’s owners want the company to become an international business.

2. They believe Valentino makes the finest chocolates in the world.

3. The company has almost 300 employees, 75 company-owned shops.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. The company started by selling raw chocolate to other chocolate manufactures.

2. In the last two years sales growth has slowed down.

3. The company decided to develop a new product such as a low-fat chocolate drink.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения прилагательных, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Most of the best ideas are discovered by accident.

2. A new model of the car is safer than the old ones.

3. Some people will buy a new product as the product enhances their status – makes them feel more important

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Other people will buy any “green” product which reduces waste.

2. There is nothing wrong with copying and improving the ideas of others.

3. There are no new ideas.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. Запишите эти предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

1. In the 1970s Herta Herzog was working for the advertising agency in New York.

2. We have recently started a new company.

3. We’ll talk about our marketing strategy.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Tax

A tax is a compulsory charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (e.g., tribes, secessionist movements or revolutionary movements). Taxes could also be imposed by a subnational entity.

Taxes may be paid in cash or in kind or as corvee labor. In modern capitalist taxation systems, taxes are designed to encourage the most efficient circulation of goods and services and are levied in cash. In kind and corvee taxation are characteristic of traditional or pre-capitalist states and their functional equivalents. The means of taxation, and the uses to which the funds raised through taxation should be put, are a matter of hot dispute in politics and economics, so discussions of taxation are frequently tendentious.

Public finance is the field of political science and economics that deals with taxation.

History of taxation

Political authority has been used to raise capital throughout history. In many pre-monetary societies, such as the Incan empire, taxes were owed in labor. Taxation in labor was the basis of the Feudal system in medieval Europe.

In more sophisticated economies such as the Roman Empire, tax farming developed, as the central powers could not practically enforce their tax policy across a wide realm. The tax farmers were obligated to raise large sums for the government, but were allowed to keep whatever else they raised.

Many Christians have understood the New Testament to support the payment of taxes, through Jesus's words "Render unto Caesar the things that are Caesar's".

There were certain times in the Middle Ages where the governments did not explicitly tax, since they were self-supporting, owning their own land and creating their own products. The appearance of doing without taxes was however illusory, since the government's (usually the Crown's) independent income sources depended on labor enforced under the feudal system, which is a tax exacted in kind.

Many taxes were originally introduced to fund wars and are still in place today, such as those raised by the American government during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Income tax was first introduced into Britain in 1798 to pay for weapons and equipment in preparation for the Napoleonic wars and into Canada in 1917 as a "temporary" tax under the Income War Tax Act to cover government expenses resulting from World War I.

The current income tax in America was set up by Theodore Roosevelt in 1913. It was called The Federal Income Tax and was deducted from incomes at rates varying from 1-7%. But, since then, the American Tax Code has been modified and new taxes have been added, especially over the World War I and II periods. Since World War II, the American Tax Code has increased in size four-fold.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы после текста.

1. What is the definition of a tax?

2. How can taxes be paid?

3. How were taxes paid in medieval Europe?

4. Why were many taxes originally introduced?

Вариант

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; переведите их на русский язык; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

· показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

· признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

· показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. The company’s products and services have improved over the last two years.

2. We listened to each other’s ideas carefully.

3. The conference takes place in July.

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. The Chief executive of the company invited the overseas sales managers to attend this year’s conference.

2. Why do companies spend money on corporate entertaining?

3. Entertainment has become a very important part of a Customer Relationship Management programme.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения прилагательных, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. The customers are less cheerful and talk about restructuring all the time.

2. Companies are much stricter these days with what they will let their employees spend compared with their old days.

3. The latest figures show that spending on entertainment is at its lowest level.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Nobody knows about the sales of a new product.

2. When there are no highly paid jobs young people tend to study more.

3. Have you ever made any business plan?

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. Запишите эти предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

1. A bank manager has given up his job to realize his childhood ambition of becoming a bus driver.

2. They made the presentation on Monday.

3. My colleague will travel abroad on business next month.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Process of Audit

A financial audit is usually done annually through 3 main steps.

1. Interim review.

This is the first approach to the company. It usually covers the first half of the financial year. For instance, if a company closes its accounts yearly on December 31, the interim review will cover January to June.

The purpose is

· to understand the business of the company, the environment in which it operates (this includes aspects such as competition, legal requirements, economy, etc), what its main issues are to figure out what audit risks are from an audit point of view. This means, auditors will have

· to find what kind of mistake (on purpose or not) could be done in this company. For instance, if the income of sales representatives is directly linked to the sales they generate (it's of course never the case), they could try to overstate their figures, leading to an abnormally high income.

· to assess the internal control procedures (checks on the firms internal processes, such as inventory) actually in place. This is an important step as it will allow later to determine if one should carry out basic or advanced investigations. Indeed, if the internal control procedures seem to be reliable, this means there is no need to check accounts further.

2. Hard close.

This audit precedes the closing date. For a company closing on December 31, the Hard Close would typically occur using numbers as of November 30. Note: some hard closes are performed using the numbers as of the preceding quarter end (i.e. in the above example as of September 30). The purpose is to audit all movements year to date. This audit step is not on the audit during Final.

3. Final.

This is the latest step of the audit, usually some weeks after the closing. Thanks to the work already done during the Hard Close, only the remaining range between the date of the Hard Close and the closing has to be audited.

Rationale for auditing

Audit has some specific features throughout the world but has some main components. One of the main problems in audit is the conflict between the need to control a company and the business relationship. On the one hand, the audit company has to thoroughly check the books, but on the other hand, it has to keep its customer that is its source of revenue. In practical terms, this means that the audit company will try to protect itself by carrying out the minimum checks, but if it has a slight doubt, it won't go further if the client is a bit reluctant to give out information.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы после текста.

1. What are the three main steps of financial audit?

2. What is the purpose of the interim review?

3. Describe the audit step called “hard close”.

4. What is the latest step of the audit?

Вариант

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; переведите их на русский язык; определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием –s и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

· показателем 3-его лица единственного числа глагола в Present Indefinite;

· признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

· показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного.

1. Ferrari is Italy’s maker of sports and racing cars.

2. A company produces goods of very high quality.

3. Why do people buy Ferraris?

II. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именем существительным.

1. Did they meet their sales targets?

2. How has their market share changed?

3. The company spent $ 1,000 000 on shampoo advertising.

III. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения прилагательных, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Customers are now spending more money on products they desire rather than on products tat they simply need.

2. Ferrari is among the three most recognizable brands in the world.

3. Switzerland is the largest market per capita for the car maker’s products.

IV. Перепишите и письменно переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. Some economists can forecast sales of a new product.

2. No changes need to be made to relaunch the product..

3. Every employee should have commitment.

V. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык. Запишите эти предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной формах.

1. The Marketing Department interviewed members of the public to find out what was going wrong.

2. With its 18- hole golf course and designer shops Sauipe is hoping to attract rich foreign visitors.

3. The developers have planned the new resort properly.

VI. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

What are the main problems in audit?

Although the audit process of obtaining and evaluating evidence and communicating the results to interested users applies to all audit applications, the objectives of auditing vary depending on the needs of users of the audit report. Internal auditing, governmental auditing, and external auditing all serve different objectives.

Internal auditing is defined as an independent appraisal function established within an organization to examine and evaluate its activities as a service to the organization. The objective of internal auditing is to assist members of the organization in the effective discharge of their responsibilities. To this end, internal auditing furnishes them with analyses, appraisals, recommendations, counsel, and information concerning the activities reviewed.

Internal auditors require a broader definition of auditing because they are employed by the company that they audit. Consequently, internal auditors must define their function in such a way that the function will include any activity that is helpful to their employer.

Governmental auditing covers a wide range of activities on the federal, state, and local levels and numerous regulatory agencies. Governmental auditors not only examine financial statements but also determine whether government program objectives are met and whether certain government agencies and private enterprises comply with applicable laws and regulations.

External auditing involves reporting on financial statements prepared by management for external users of third parties. Third parties include stockholders, creditors, bankers, potential investors, and federal, state, and local regulatory agencies. External audits are performed by independent CPA firms.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы после текста.

1. What do you know about the governmental auditing?

2. What types of auditing do you know?

3. What is the essence of external auditing?