Инфинитивные обороты

В английском языке часто после ряда глаголов употребляется сложное дополнение, состоящее из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже + инфинитив. Эта конструкция называется «объектный инфинитивный оборот». Объектный инфинитивный оборот переводится придаточным предложением.

Например:

We know Isaac Newton to express the connection between force and motion in the form of laws.

Мы знаем, что Ньютон выразил связь между силой и движением в форме законов.

Инфинитив может входить также в состав так называемого «субъектного инфинитивного оборота».

Субъектный инфинитивный оборот состоит из существительного или местоимения в именительном падеже и связанного с ним по смыслу инфинитива. Инфинитив в данном случае обозначает действие и переводится глаголом-сказуемым, а стоящее между ними сказуемое переводится неопределённо-личным предложением (типа «известно, говорят, сообщают» и т.д.).

The delegation is reported to come on Monday.

Сообщают, что делегация приедет в понедельник.

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на объектный инфинитивный оборот.

1. The students knew their friend to have served in the army.

2. We expected our team to win the first place.

3. They consider this plan to be an interesting one.

4. She knows her friend to be fond of music.

5. My mother wishes me to play the piano.

6. We know her to have been living here for 2 years.

7. The teacher supposes our group to be good at exact sciences.

8. I understand this work to be a difficult one.

9. We heard her sing very well.

10. The students consider their laboratories to be equipped with modern instruments.

11. The professor ordered the research to be done by the end of the year.

12. Our monitor wants all the students of her group to pass the exams well.

13. I don’t want you to miss lectures.

14. Our teacher expects us to take part in the competition.

15. My sister wants me to get a scholarship.

Упражнение 5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на субъектный инфинитивный оборот.

1. They are known to do their work well.

2. They have been heard to speak about this problem.

3. The students were supposed to know that law.

4. The children were seen to enter the house.

5. This method is believed to have given good results.

6. The method has been considered to give accurate results.

7. He seems to know this rule.

8. They seemed to listen attentively.

9. You seem to have forgotten about it.

10. Your friend appears to work hard.

11. The weather appears to be improving.

12. The picture proved to be the best at the exhibition.

13. This method proves to be reliable.

14. The process has proved to be complicated.

15. The process proves to give good results.

Vocabulary Notes

Задание. Прочитайте новые слова вслух, познакомьтесь с их русскими эквивалентами. Определите их значения в данных предложениях.

1. grease – жир

greasy – жирный

Greasy ink repels water from printing areas in planographic printing.

2. to grind (ground, ground) – шлифовать, полировать

The plate must be carefully ground and polished.

3. to etch – травить

Etching and engraving are processes mostly used in gravure printing.

4. to moisten – увлажнять, смачивать

To moisten offset plates he used water.

5. ink – краска

to ink – окрашивать

Printing areas are inked and non – printing areas repel greasy inks.

6. linseed oil – льняное масло

Linseed oil is widely used in offset printing.

7. varnish – лак

Inks and varnishes are applied in different branches of industry.

8. to adhere – прилипать, приставать

To moisten offset plates he used water.

9. to repel – отталкивать

repulsion – отталкивание

Repulsion of ink by the non – image areas of the printing form is the principle of planographic printing.

10. breakthrough – прорыв

Many technical breakthroughs took place in the 20^th century.

11. offset – офсет, офсетная печать

to offset – печатать офсетным способом; смещать

The printing form first offsets the ink to the printing cylinder and then from the cylinder the ink is transferred to the printing stock.

12. flexible – гибкий

Only flexible image – carriers are used in rotary printing.

13. rubber – резина

Natural and synthetic rubber is a resilient material.

14. to transfer – переносить

The inked image is transferred from the blanket cylinder.

15. substrate – подложка, материал

Different substrates can be used in offset printing.

16. course – шероховатый, грубый

Coarse substrates can be printed more easily than smooth ones.

17. advantage – преимущество

Offset printing has many advantages for printing on paper.

18. to apply – применять

application – применение

Application of efficient and economical printing forms greatly improved offset printing.

19. to absorb – впитывать

Inks should be quickly absorbed by printing surfaces.

20. gloss – лоск

Gloss is one of paper qualities.

21. to employ – применять, использовать

Stone plates were employed for over 100 years.

Text 2A

Задание. Прочтите текст.

Offset Printing

It is over 200 years ago that Alois Senefelder invented the lithographic planographic printing process. Around 350 years earlier Gutenberg had introduced letterpress printing with moveable print elements (letters). Senefelder initially adopted this letterpress technique by using grease ink to write on carefully ground and polished Solnhofer slate and etch away the free areas leaving the remaining writing slightly raised.

But he then discovered that if he moistened the surface of the stone with water before inking, etching was no longer necessary and, when inked, the non – image areas no longer took up ink. The ink, which consisted of linseed oil varnish, only adhered to the written areas. The acceptance of ink by the printing areas or repulsion by the non image areas of the printing form has to this day remained the principle of planographic printing.

For over 100 years stone plates were used as the printing form in planographic printing. However, the considerably higher performance of the rotary printing process required a cylindrical printing form. The stone was replaced with grained zinc and aluminum plates with a polymer or varnish in the printing areas.

The technical breakthrough in planographic printing cannot, however, be attributed purely to the fact that the printing form can be produced simply and economically. The move from direct printing to indirect printing was also extremely significant. With direct printing the printing form prints the substrate directly, while with indirect printing, the printing form first offsets the ink to another printing cylinder with a flexible rubber surface(hence the term offset), and it is this rubber that then transfers the ink onto the substrate. This enables coarse substrates to be printed more easily, i. e. more smoothly.

In around 1904, the Americans Ira William Rubel, Fletcher Rogers and Caspar Hermann recognized the technical advantages of offset printing for printing on paper. The technical race for the construction of offset printing presses had begun.

In particular the pre–printing stage has been revotionized in recent years. Plates produced film – free are practically state – of the – art, and the consistent development towards faster and more individual printing form manufacture is reflected in the first practical testing of direct imaging in the printing machine (computer – to – press).

The speed of printing is also being constantly increased.

In waterless offset printing it is possible to print without the use of water due to a special printing plate and ink design, and a printing plate for this application has been on the market since 1972. The plate repels ink in the non – printing areas even without moistening.

The efficient and economical manufacture of printing forms and the highly developed machine technology have certainly contributed to the success of offset printing.

Упражнение 6. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложе-ния на русский язык.

1. We know Lobachevsky to have dictated his «Pangeometry».

2. This is the material to be analysed.

3. This gas is to be used in our experiment.

4. Edison began to work when he was a boy.

5. This document is known to be of great interest for scientists.

6. Lobachevsky is considered to be «Copernicus of Geometry».

7. The lecture to be attended will take place at our Institute.

8. They must know this law.

9.We study English to read English books on our specialty.

10. In order to prove his theory Lobachevsky worked for many years.

11. They expect a new station to be put into operation next year.

12. To read books is useful.

13. She saw us go to the library.

14. Lomonosov is known to have founded the first University in Russia.

Упражнение 7. Определите функции инфинитива и переведите предложе-ния на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1. This material is found to be useful.

2. This material is to be found in nature.

3. The metal to be found in this ore is of great importance.

4. He found this material to be very important.

5. The teacher wants this text to be translated at the lesson.

6. The text to be translated at the lesson was brought by the teacher.

7. This text is expected to be translated without a dictionary.

8. This text is to be translated without a dictionary.

9. They consider this book to be very difficult.

10. This book is considered to be difficult.

11. These facts are to be taken into consideration.

12. The facts to be considered are very complicated.

Упражнение 8. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1. Many machines are produced in Russia to bring mechanization into the composing process.

2. The design to be printed may to put on the metal plate by drawing directly on the metal.

3. In 1553 Ivan Grozni gave orders to build a house for printing.

4. The machine sends signals to control the operation of this section.

5. To produce a necessary surface on metal plates several processes have been tried out.

6. We suppose different papers to be used for particular printing methods.

7. Printing presses for letterpress work are known to be of three main types.

8. They consider this machine to be very good.

9. They are said to use these metals in platemaking.

10. Many German printing presses are known to be among the best models of the world.

11. We know the first Russian composing and casting machine to have been produced in 1937.

12. To explain this simple fact is not so very easy.

13. The purpose of this machine is to obtain a composition on a photo film.

14. The operator began to compose the next line.

Text 2B

Задание. Прочтите текст, стараясь понять его основное содержание (время просмотра текста 6 минут).