Ãëàâíàÿ Ñëó÷àéíàÿ ñòðàíèöà


Ïîëåçíîå:

Êàê ñäåëàòü ðàçãîâîð ïîëåçíûì è ïðèÿòíûì Êàê ñäåëàòü îáúåìíóþ çâåçäó ñâîèìè ðóêàìè Êàê ñäåëàòü òî, ÷òî äåëàòü íå õî÷åòñÿ? Êàê ñäåëàòü ïîãðåìóøêó Êàê ñäåëàòü òàê ÷òîáû æåíùèíû ñàìè çíàêîìèëèñü ñ âàìè Êàê ñäåëàòü èäåþ êîììåð÷åñêîé Êàê ñäåëàòü õîðîøóþ ðàñòÿæêó íîã? Êàê ñäåëàòü íàø ðàçóì çäîðîâûì? Êàê ñäåëàòü, ÷òîáû ëþäè îáìàíûâàëè ìåíüøå Âîïðîñ 4. Êàê ñäåëàòü òàê, ÷òîáû âàñ óâàæàëè è öåíèëè? Êàê ñäåëàòü ëó÷øå ñåáå è äðóãèì ëþäÿì Êàê ñäåëàòü ñâèäàíèå èíòåðåñíûì?


Êàòåãîðèè:

ÀðõèòåêòóðàÀñòðîíîìèÿÁèîëîãèÿÃåîãðàôèÿÃåîëîãèÿÈíôîðìàòèêàÈñêóññòâîÈñòîðèÿÊóëèíàðèÿÊóëüòóðàÌàðêåòèíãÌàòåìàòèêàÌåäèöèíàÌåíåäæìåíòÎõðàíà òðóäàÏðàâîÏðîèçâîäñòâîÏñèõîëîãèÿÐåëèãèÿÑîöèîëîãèÿÑïîðòÒåõíèêàÔèçèêàÔèëîñîôèÿÕèìèÿÝêîëîãèÿÝêîíîìèêàÝëåêòðîíèêà






Ìåòîäû è ïðè¸ìû àíàëèçà ôèíàíñîâîãî ñîñòîÿíèÿ ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ





Ìåòîä ôèíàíñîâîãî àíàëèçà – ýòî ñèñòåìà íàèáîëåå îáùèõ, êëþ÷åâûõ ïîíÿòèé ä྆à྆í྆í྆î྆é྆ ྆í྆à྆ó྆ê྆è྆,྆ ྆î྆á྆ù྆å྆í྆à྆ó྆÷྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆è྆ ྆ê྆î྆í྆ê྆ð྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆-྆í྆à྆ó྆÷྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆ï྆î྆ñ྆î྆á྆î྆â྆ ྆è྆ ྆ï྆ð྆è྆í྆ö྆è྆ï྆î྆â྆ ྆è྆ñ྆ñ྆ë྆å྆ä྆î྆â྆à྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆é྆ ྆ä྆å྆ÿ྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆õ྆î྆ç྆ÿ྆é྆ñ྆ò྆â྆ó྆þ྆ù྆è྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆ó྆á྆ú྆å྆ê྆ò྆î྆â྆.྆ ྆

྆Õ྆à྆ð྆à྆ê྆ò྆å྆ð྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆î྆ñ྆î྆á྆å྆í྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ÿ྆ì྆è྆ ྆ì྆å྆ò྆î྆ä྆à྆ ྆ý྆ê྆î྆í྆î྆ì྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆à྆ ྆ÿ྆â྆ë྆ÿ྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆:྆ ྆è྆ñ྆ï྆î྆ë྆ü྆ç྆î྆â྆à྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ñ྆è྆ñ྆ò྆å྆ì྆û྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆â྆ñ྆å྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ð྆î྆í྆í྆å྆ ྆õ྆à྆ð྆à྆ê྆ò྆å྆ð྆è྆ç྆ó྆þ྆ù྆è྆õ྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆-྆õ྆î྆ç྆ÿ྆é྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆ó྆þ྆ ྆ä྆å྆ÿ྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆ ྆î྆ð྆ã྆à྆í྆è྆ç྆à྆ö྆è྆è྆;྆ ྆è྆ç྆ó྆÷྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ï྆ð྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆ ྆è྆ç྆ì྆å྆í྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ý྆ò྆è྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆;྆ ྆â྆û྆ÿ྆â྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆è྆ ྆è྆ç྆ì྆å྆ð྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ï྆ð྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆í྆î྆ ྆–྆ ྆ñ྆ë྆å྆ä྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆â྆ÿ྆ç྆å྆é྆ ྆ì྆å྆æ྆ä྆ó྆ ྆í྆è྆ì྆è྆.྆ ྆Â྆ñ྆å྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆å྆ ྆ì྆å྆ò྆î྆ä྆û྆ ྆ì྆î྆æ྆í྆î྆ ྆ñ྆ã྆ð྆ó྆ï྆ï྆è྆ð྆î྆â྆à྆ò྆ü྆ ྆â äâå áîëüøèå ãðóïïû: êà÷åñòâåííûå è êîëè÷åñòâåííûå (ðèñóíîê ¹3).[9]

Ðèñ. 3. Êà÷åñòâåííûå è êîëè÷åñòâåííûå ìåòîäû àíàëèçà

Êàê âèäíî èç ðèñóíêà, ê êà÷åñòâåííûì ìåòîäàì îòíîñÿòñÿ ìåòîäû ñðàâíåíèÿ, ï྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ð྆î྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ò྆à྆á྆ë྆è྆ö྆,྆ ྆ý྆ê྆ñ྆ï྆å྆ð྆ò྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆î྆ö྆å྆í྆î྆ê྆,྆ ྆ñ྆ö྆å྆í྆à྆ð྆è྆å྆â྆ ྆è྆ ྆ï྆ð྆î྆÷྆è྆å྆.྆ ྆

྆Ê྆ ྆ê྆î྆ë྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆û྆ì྆ ྆ì྆å྆ò྆î྆ä྆à྆ì྆ ྆î྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ÿ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆á྆ó྆õ྆ã྆à྆ë྆ò྆å྆ð྆ñ྆ê྆è྆å྆,྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆à྆ò྆è྆ñ྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆å྆,྆ ྆ý྆ê྆î྆í྆î྆ì྆è྆ê྆î྆-྆ì྆à྆ò྆å྆ì྆à྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆å྆ ྆ì྆å྆ò྆î྆ä྆û྆ ྆è äðóãèå.

Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåìûå ìåòîäû ïðåäñòàâëåíû íà ðèñóíêå ¹ 4.

Ðèñ. 4. Íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåìûå ìåòîäû ôèíàíñîâîãî àíàëèçà

È྆ç྆ ྆ð྆è྆ñ྆ó྆í྆ê྆à྆ ྆ñ྆ë྆å྆ä྆ó྆å྆ò྆,྆ ྆÷྆ò྆î྆ ྆í྆à྆è྆á྆î྆ë྆å྆å྆ ྆÷྆à྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ ྆è྆ñ྆ï྆î྆ë྆ü྆ç྆ó྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ì྆å྆ò྆î྆ä྆û྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆å྆ä྆í྆è྆õ྆,྆ ྆à྆á྆ñ྆î྆ë྆þ྆ò྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆è྆ ྆î྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆è྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆â྆å྆ë྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆,྆ ྆ì྆å྆ò྆î྆ä྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆,྆ ྆â྆å྆ð྆ò྆è྆ê྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆è྆ ྆ã྆î྆ð྆è྆ç྆î྆í྆ò྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆é྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆(྆á྆à྆ë྆à྆í྆ñ྆à྆)྆,྆ ྆ò྆ð྆å྆í྆ä྆î྆â྆û྆é྆ ྆è྆ ྆ô྆à྆ê྆ò྆î྆ð྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆è྆ ྆ö྆å྆ë྆û྆é྆ ྆ð྆ÿ྆ä྆ ྆ä྆ð྆ó྆ã྆è྆õ྆ ྆ì྆å྆ò྆î྆ä྆î྆â྆.྆

྆Ã྆î྆ð྆è྆ç྆î྆í྆ò྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆(྆â྆ð྆å྆ì྆å྆í྆í྆î྆é྆)྆ ྆–྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ê྆à྆æ྆ä྆î྆é྆ ྆ï྆î྆ç྆è྆ö྆è྆è྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆ñ྆î྆î྆ò྆â྆å྆ò྆ñ྆ò྆â྆ó྆þ྆ù྆å྆é྆ ྆ï྆î྆ç྆è྆ö྆è྆å྆é྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆û྆ä྆ó྆ù྆å྆ã྆î྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆è྆î྆ä྆à྆,྆ ྆ç྆à྆ê྆ë྆þ྆÷྆à྆å྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆â྆ ྆ï྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ð྆î྆å྆í྆è྆è྆ ྆î྆ä྆í྆î྆é྆ ྆è྆ë྆è྆ ྆í྆å྆ñ྆ê྆î྆ë྆ü྆ê྆è྆õ྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆õ྆ ྆ò྆à྆á྆ë྆è྆ö྆,྆ ྆â྆ ྆ê྆î྆ò྆î྆ð྆û྆õ྆ ྆à྆á྆ñ྆î྆ë྆þ྆ò྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆á྆à྆ë྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆û྆å྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆è྆ ྆ä྆î྆ï྆î྆ë྆í྆ÿ྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆û྆,྆ ྆ò྆à྆ê྆ ྆è྆ ྆ä྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆ê྆ó྆ ྆å྆å྆ ྆î྆ò྆ä྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆.྆ ྆

྆Â྆ ྆õ྆î྆ä྆å྆ ྆ã྆î྆ð྆è྆ç྆î྆í྆ò྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆à྆ ྆î྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆å྆ë྆ÿ྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆à྆á྆ñ྆î྆ë྆þ྆ò྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆è྆ ྆î྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆è྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆è྆ç྆ì྆å྆í྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆â྆å྆ë྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆ ྆ð྆à྆ç྆ë྆è྆÷྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆à྆ò྆å྆é྆ ྆á྆à྆ë྆à྆í྆ñ྆à྆ ྆ç྆à྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆è྆î྆ä྆.྆

྆Â྆å྆ð྆ò྆è྆ê྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆(྆ñ྆ò྆ð྆ó྆ê྆ò྆ó྆ð྆í྆û྆é྆)྆.྆ ྆Ö྆å྆ë྆ü྆ ྆â྆å྆ð྆ò྆è྆ê྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆à྆ ྆–྆ ྆â྆û྆÷྆è྆ñ྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ó྆ä྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆â྆å྆ñ྆à྆ ྆î྆ò྆ä྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆à྆ò྆å྆é྆ ྆á྆à྆ë྆à྆í྆ñ྆à྆,྆ ྆ò྆.྆å྆.྆ ྆â྆û྆ÿ྆ñ྆í྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆ð྆ó྆ê྆ò྆ó྆ð྆û྆ ྆à྆ê྆ò྆è྆â྆î྆â྆ ྆è྆ ྆ï྆à྆ñ྆ñ྆è྆â྆î྆â྆ ྆í྆à྆ ྆î྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆å྆ë྆å྆í྆í྆ó྆þ྆ ྆ä྆à྆ò྆ó྆.྆

྆Ò྆ð྆å྆í྆ä྆î྆â྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆–྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ê྆à྆æ྆ä྆î྆é྆ ྆ï྆î྆ç྆è྆ö྆è྆è྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ç྆è྆ö྆è྆ÿ྆ì྆è྆ ྆ð྆ÿ྆ä྆à྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ø྆å྆ñ྆ò྆â྆ó྆þ྆ù྆è྆õ྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆è྆î྆ä྆î྆â྆ ྆è྆ ྆î྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆å྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ò྆ð྆å྆í྆ä྆à྆,྆ ྆ò྆.྆å྆.྆ ྆î྆ñ྆í྆î྆â྆í྆î྆é྆ ྆ò྆å྆í྆ä྆å྆í྆ö྆è྆è྆ ྆ä྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆ê྆è྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ÿ྆,྆ ྆î྆÷྆è྆ù྆å྆í྆í྆î྆é྆ ྆î྆ò྆ ྆ñ྆ë྆ó྆÷྆à྆é྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆â྆ë྆è྆ÿ྆í྆è྆é྆ ྆è྆ ྆è྆í྆ä྆è྆â྆è྆ä྆ó྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆î྆ñ྆î྆á྆å྆í྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆å྆é྆ ྆î྆ò྆ä྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆è྆î྆ä྆î྆â྆.྆

྆ ྆Ñ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ì྆î྆ù྆ü྆þ྆ ྆ò྆ð྆å྆í྆ä྆à྆ ྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆è྆ð྆ó྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆â྆î྆ç྆ì྆î྆æ྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆ç྆í྆à྆÷྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆â྆ ྆á྆ó྆ä྆ó྆ù྆å྆ì྆,྆ ྆ ྆ñ྆ë྆å྆ä྆î྆â྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆,྆ ྆â྆å྆ä྆å྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆ñ྆ï྆å྆ê྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆û྆é྆,྆ ྆ï྆ð྆î྆ã྆í྆î྆ç྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç[10]྆.྆

྆À྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆î྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆è྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆(྆ê྆î྆ý྆ô྆ô྆è྆ö྆è྆å྆í྆ò྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆)྆ ྆ñ྆â྆î྆ä྆è྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ê྆ ྆è྆ç྆ó྆÷྆å྆í྆è྆þ྆ ྆ó྆ð྆î྆â྆í྆å྆é྆ ྆è྆ ྆ä྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆ê྆è྆ ྆î྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆è྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆,྆ ྆ð྆à྆ñ྆ñ྆÷྆è྆ò྆û྆â྆à྆å྆ì྆û྆õ྆ ྆ê྆à྆ê྆ ྆î྆ò྆í྆î྆ø྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆â྆å྆ë྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆ ྆á྆à྆ë྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆û྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆à྆ò྆å྆é྆ ྆è྆ë྆è྆ ྆ä྆ð྆ó྆ã྆è྆õ྆ ྆à྆á྆ñ྆î྆ë྆þ྆ò྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆,྆ ྆ï྆î྆ë྆ó྆÷྆à྆å྆ì྆û྆õ྆ ྆í྆à྆ ྆î྆ñ྆í྆î྆â྆å྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆è྆ë྆è྆ ྆á྆ó྆õ྆ã྆à྆ë྆ò྆å྆ð྆ñ྆ê྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ó྆÷྆å྆ò྆à྆.྆ ྆Ï྆ð྆è྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆å྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆û྆õ྆ ྆ê྆î྆ý྆ô྆ô྆è྆ö྆è྆å྆í྆ò྆î྆â྆ ྆è྆õ྆ ྆ç྆í྆à྆÷྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆è྆â྆à྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆á྆à྆ç྆è྆ñ྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆â྆å྆ë྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆,྆ ྆à྆ ྆ò྆à྆ê྆æ྆å྆ ྆è྆ç྆ó྆÷྆à྆å྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆è྆õ྆ ྆ä྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆ê྆à྆ ྆ç྆à྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆è྆î྆ä྆ ྆è྆ ྆ç྆à྆ ྆ð྆ÿ྆ä྆ ྆ñ྆ì྆å྆æ྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆è྆î྆ä྆î྆â྆.྆

྆Ï྆î྆ì྆è྆ì྆î྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆û྆õ྆ ྆ê྆î྆ý྆ô྆ô྆è྆ö྆è྆å྆í྆ò྆î྆â྆ ྆â྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆å྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆á྆î྆ë྆ü྆ø྆ó྆þ྆ ྆ð྆î྆ë྆ü྆ ྆è྆ã྆ð྆à྆þ྆ò྆ ྆à྆á྆ñ྆î྆ë྆þ྆ò྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆è྆,྆ ྆ð྆à྆ñ྆ñ྆÷྆è྆ò྆û྆â྆à྆å྆ì྆û྆å྆ ྆í྆à྆ ྆î྆ñ྆í྆î྆â྆å྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆,྆ ྆ò྆à྆ê྆è྆å྆,྆ ྆ê྆à྆ê྆ ྆÷྆è྆ñ྆ò྆û྆å྆ ྆à྆ê྆ò྆è྆â྆û྆ ྆(྆ð྆å྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆ñ྆î྆á྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆ê྆à྆ï྆è྆ò྆à྆ë྆)྆,྆ ྆ñ྆î྆á྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆î྆á྆î྆ð྆î྆ò྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆å྆ä྆ñ྆ò྆â྆à྆,྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆è྆ ྆î྆á྆å྆ñ྆ï྆å྆÷྆å྆í྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆ç྆à྆ï྆à྆ñ྆î྆â྆ ྆ñ྆î྆á྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆î྆á྆î྆ð྆î྆ò྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆å྆ä྆ñ྆ò྆â྆à྆ì྆è྆.྆ ྆Ä྆à྆í྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆è྆ ྆ÿ྆â྆ë྆ÿ྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ê྆ð྆è྆ò྆å྆ð྆è྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆,྆ ྆ï྆î྆ñ྆ê྆î྆ë྆ü྆ê྆ó྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆è྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ì྆î྆ù྆ü྆þ྆ ྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆è྆ð྆ó྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ê྆ð྆è྆ò྆å྆ð྆è྆è྆,྆ ྆ï྆î྆ç྆â྆î྆ë྆ÿ྆þ྆ù྆è྆å྆ ྆î྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆å྆ë྆è྆ò྆ü྆ ྆ê྆à྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ò྆â྆î྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆.྆

྆Ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆è྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆(྆ï྆ð྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ð྆à྆í྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆û྆é྆)྆ ྆-྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆î྆ò྆ä྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆ä྆î྆÷྆å྆ð྆í྆è྆õ྆ ྆ô྆è྆ð྆ì྆,྆ ྆ï྆î྆ä྆ð྆à྆ç྆ä྆å྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆é྆,྆ ྆ö྆å྆õ྆î྆â྆,྆ ྆à྆ ྆ò྆à྆ê྆æ྆å྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆û྆õ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆ð྆è྆ÿ྆ò྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ÿ྆ì྆è྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆ð྆è྆ÿ྆ò྆è྆é྆-྆ê྆î྆í྆ê྆ó྆ð྆å྆í྆ò྆î྆â྆,྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆å྆ä྆í྆å྆î྆ò྆ð྆à྆ñ྆ë྆å྆â྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆è྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆å྆ä྆í྆è྆ì྆è྆ ྆î྆á྆ù྆å྆ý྆ê྆î྆í྆î྆ì྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆ì྆è྆ ྆ä྆à྆í྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆.྆

྆Ô྆à྆ê྆ò྆î྆ð྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆–྆ ྆ý྆ò྆î྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆â྆ë྆è྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆î྆ò྆ä྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ô྆à྆ê྆ò྆î྆ð྆î྆â྆ ྆(྆ï྆ð྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆)྆ ྆í྆à྆ ྆ð྆å྆ç྆ó྆ë྆ü྆ò྆à྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆.྆ ྆Ô྆à྆ê྆ò྆î྆ð྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆ì྆î྆æ྆å྆ò྆ ྆á྆û྆ò྆ü྆ ྆ê྆à྆ê྆ ྆ï྆ð྆ÿ྆ì྆û྆ì྆ ྆(྆ñ྆î྆á྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆î྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆)྆,྆ ྆ò྆.྆å྆.྆ ྆ç྆à྆ê྆ë྆þ྆÷྆à྆þ྆ù྆è྆ì྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆â྆ ྆ð྆à྆ç྆ä྆ð྆î྆á྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆è྆ ྆ð྆å྆ç྆ó྆ë྆ü྆ò྆à྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ÿ྆ ྆í྆à྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆à྆â྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆÷྆à྆ñ྆ò྆è྆,྆ ྆ò྆à྆ê྆ ྆è྆ ྆î྆á྆ð྆à྆ò྆í྆û྆ì྆ ྆(྆ñ྆è྆í྆ò྆å྆ç྆)྆,྆ ྆ê྆î྆ã྆ä྆à྆ ྆î྆ò྆ä྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆ý྆ë྆å྆ì྆å྆í྆ò྆û྆ ྆ñ྆î྆å྆ä྆è྆í྆ÿ྆þ྆ò྆ ྆â྆ ྆î྆á྆ù྆è྆é྆ ྆ð྆å྆ç྆ó྆ë྆ü྆ò྆à྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆:྆

- ྆ä྆ë྆ÿ྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ê྆î྆í྆ê྆ð྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆é྆ ྆ô྆è྆ð྆ì྆û྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆á྆à྆ç྆è྆ñ྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆(྆í྆î྆ð྆ì྆à྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆)྆ ྆â྆å྆ë྆è྆÷྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆,྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆î྆ã྆è྆÷྆í྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ÿ྆ì྆è྆ ྆ä྆ð྆ó྆ã྆è྆õ྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆ð྆è྆ÿ྆ò྆è྆é྆ ྆è྆ë྆è྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆å྆ä྆í྆å྆î྆ò྆ð྆à྆ñ྆ë྆å྆â྆û྆ì྆è྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ÿ྆ì྆è྆;྆

- ྆â྆û྆ÿ྆â྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ä྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆ê྆è྆ ྆ð྆à྆ç྆â྆è྆ò྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆è྆ ྆ò྆å྆í྆ä྆å྆í྆ö྆è྆é྆ ྆è྆ç྆ì྆å྆í྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ô྆è྆ð྆ì྆û྆;྆

- ྆î྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆å྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆í྆î྆ð྆ì྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆î྆ã྆ð྆à྆í྆è྆÷྆å྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆è྆ ྆ê྆ð྆è྆ò྆å྆ð྆è྆å྆â྆ ྆ð྆à྆ç྆ë྆è྆÷྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ð྆î྆í྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆ð྆è྆í྆è྆ì྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆ñ྆ê྆î྆é྆ ྆ô྆è྆ð྆ì྆û྆.྆

྆À྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ÿ྆í྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆ð྆è྆ÿ྆ò྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆ï྆î྆ ྆ä྆à྆í྆í྆û྆ì྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆ì྆î྆æ྆å྆ò྆ ྆î྆ñ྆ó྆ù྆å྆ñ྆ò྆â྆ë྆ÿ྆ò྆ü྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆ð྆à྆ç྆ë྆è྆÷྆í྆î྆é྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆å྆ï྆å྆í྆ü྆þ྆ ྆ä྆å྆ò྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆à྆ö྆è྆è྆.྆ ྆Ì྆î྆æ྆í྆î྆ ྆â྆û྆ä྆å྆ë྆è྆ò྆ü྆ ྆ä྆â྆à྆ ྆â྆è྆ä྆à྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆à྆:྆ ྆ý྆ê྆ñ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ñ྆ñ྆-྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆è྆ ྆ó྆ã྆ë྆ó྆á྆ë྆å྆í྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆.྆ ྆Â྆ ྆ï྆å྆ð྆â྆î྆ì྆ ྆ñ྆ë྆ó྆÷྆à྆å྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ò྆è྆ê྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆î྆ë྆à྆ã྆à྆å྆ò྆ ྆ï྆î྆ë྆ó྆÷྆è྆ò྆ü྆ ྆ë྆è྆ø྆ü྆ ྆ñ྆à྆ì྆î྆å྆ ྆î྆á྆ù྆å྆å྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ñ྆ò྆à྆â྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆î྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆ð྆è྆ÿ྆ò྆è྆è྆,྆ ྆÷྆ü྆ÿ྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆ ྆ï྆î྆ä྆â྆å྆ð྆ã྆à྆å྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆÷྆ò྆å྆í྆è྆þ྆,྆ ྆â྆î྆ ྆â྆ò྆î྆ð྆î྆ì྆ ྆—྆ ྆ï྆ð྆î྆â྆î྆ä྆è྆ì྆û྆å྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆å྆ ྆ð྆à྆ñ྆÷྆å྆ò྆û྆ ྆è྆ ྆î྆æ྆è྆ä྆à྆å྆ì྆û྆å྆ ྆ð྆å྆ç྆ó྆ë྆ü྆ò྆à྆ò྆û྆ ྆á྆î྆ë྆å྆å྆ ྆ä྆å྆ò྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆è྆ð྆î྆â྆à྆í྆û྆ ྆è྆ ྆ï྆î྆ä྆ð྆î྆á྆í྆û྆.྆

྆Ý྆ê྆ñ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ñ྆ñ྆-྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆.྆ ྆Å྆ã྆î྆ ྆ö྆å྆ë྆ü྆ ྆—྆ ྆ï྆î྆ë྆ó྆÷྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆î྆ï྆å྆ð྆à྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆î྆é྆,྆ ྆í྆à྆ã྆ë྆ÿ྆ä྆í྆î྆é྆ ྆è྆ ྆ï྆ð྆î྆ñ྆ò྆î྆é྆ ྆î྆ö྆å྆í྆ê྆è྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆á྆ë྆à྆ã྆î྆ï྆î྆ë྆ó྆÷྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆è྆ ྆ä྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆ê྆è྆ ྆ð྆à྆ç྆â྆è྆ò྆è྆ÿ྆ ྆õ྆î྆ç྆ÿ྆é྆ñ྆ò྆â྆ó྆þ྆ù྆å྆ã྆î྆ ྆ñ྆ó྆á྆ú྆å྆ê྆ò྆à྆.྆ ྆Ñ྆ì྆û྆ñ྆ë྆ ྆ý྆ê྆ñ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ñ྆ñ྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆à྆ ྆ç྆à྆ê྆ë྆þ྆÷྆à྆å྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆â྆ ྆î྆ò྆á྆î྆ð྆å྆ ྆í྆å྆á྆î྆ë྆ü྆ø྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ê྆î྆ë྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ò྆â྆à྆ ྆í྆à྆è྆á྆î྆ë྆å྆å྆ ྆ç྆í྆à྆÷྆è྆ì྆û྆õ྆ ྆è྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆è྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ ྆í྆å྆ñ྆ë྆î྆æ྆í྆û྆õ྆ ྆â྆ ྆è྆ñ྆÷྆è྆ñ྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆è྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆,྆ ྆ñ྆ð྆à྆â྆í྆å྆í྆è྆è྆ ྆ô྆à྆ê྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆õ྆ ྆ç྆í྆à྆÷྆å྆í྆è྆é྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆ñ྆ ྆í྆î྆ð྆ì྆à྆ò྆è྆â྆à྆ì྆è྆,྆ ྆à྆ ྆ò྆à྆ê྆æ྆å྆ ྆â྆ ྆î྆ò྆ñ྆ë྆å྆æ྆è྆â྆à྆í྆è྆è྆ ྆ï྆î྆ê྆à྆ç྆à྆ò྆å྆ë྆å྆é྆ ྆â྆ ྆ä྆è྆í྆à྆ì྆è྆ê྆å྆.྆ ྆È྆ñ྆ò྆î྆÷྆í྆è྆ê྆à྆ì྆è྆ ྆è྆í྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆à྆ö྆è྆è྆ ྆ä྆ë྆ÿ྆ ྆ý྆ê྆ñ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ñ྆ñ྆-྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆à྆ ྆ÿ྆â྆ë྆ÿ྆þ྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆:྆ ྆ï྆î྆ÿ྆ñ྆í྆è྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆à྆ÿ྆ ྆ç྆à྆ï྆è྆ñ྆ê྆à྆ ྆ê྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆,྆ ྆ó྆í྆è྆ô྆è྆ö྆è྆ð྆î྆â྆à྆í྆í྆û྆å྆ ྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆û྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆î྆é྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆-྆ ྆Á྆ó྆õ྆ã྆à྆ë྆ò྆å྆ð྆ñ྆ê྆è྆é྆ ྆á྆à྆ë྆à྆í྆ñ྆ ྆(྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆à྆ ྆¹྆ ྆1྆ ྆ï྆î྆ ྆Î྆Ê྆Ó྆Ä྆)྆,྆ ྆Î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆ ྆î྆ ྆ï྆ð྆è྆á྆û྆ë྆ÿ྆õ྆ ྆è྆ ྆ó྆á྆û྆ò྆ê྆à྆õ྆ ྆(྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆à྆ ྆¹྆ ྆2྆ ྆ï྆î྆ ྆Î྆Ê྆Ó྆Ä྆)྆,྆ ྆Ï྆ð྆è྆ë྆î྆æ྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ê྆ ྆á྆ó྆õ྆ã྆à྆ë྆ò྆å྆ð྆ñ྆ê྆î྆ì྆ó྆ ྆á྆à྆ë྆à྆í྆ñ྆ó྆ ྆(྆ô྆î྆ð྆ì྆à྆ ྆¹྆ ྆5྆ ྆ï྆î྆ ྆Î྆Ê྆Ó྆Ä྆)྆.྆

྆Ó྆ã྆ë྆ó྆á྆ë྆å྆í྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆.྆ ྆Å྆ñ྆ë྆è྆ ྆ý྆ê྆ñ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ñ྆ñ྆-྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆,྆ ྆ï྆î྆ ྆ñ྆ó྆ò྆è྆,྆ ྆ñ྆â྆î྆ä྆è྆ò྆ñ྆ÿ྆ ྆ë྆è྆ø྆ü྆ ྆ê྆ ྆÷྆ò྆å྆í྆è྆þ྆ ྆ã྆î྆ä྆î྆â྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆î྆ò྆÷྆å྆ò྆à྆,྆ ྆ò྆î྆ ྆ó྆ã྆ë྆ó྆á྆ë྆å྆í྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆î྆ë྆à྆ã྆à྆å྆ò྆ ྆ð྆à྆ñ྆÷྆å྆ò྆ ྆ñ྆è྆ñ྆ò྆å྆ì྆û྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ò྆è྆÷྆å྆ñ྆ê྆è྆õ྆ ྆ê྆î྆ý྆ô྆ô྆è྆ö྆è྆å྆í྆ò྆î྆â྆,྆ ྆ï྆î྆ç྆â྆î྆ë྆ÿ྆þ྆ù྆å྆é྆ ྆ï྆î྆ë྆ó྆÷྆è྆ò྆ü྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ñ྆ò྆à྆â྆ë྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆î྆ ྆ñ྆ë྆å྆ä྆ó྆þ྆ù྆è྆õ྆ ྆ñ྆ò྆î྆ð྆î྆í྆à྆õ྆ ྆ä྆å྆ÿ྆ò྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆è྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆ð྆è྆ÿ྆ò྆è྆ÿ྆:྆ ྆è྆ì྆ó྆ù྆å྆ñ྆ò྆â྆å྆í྆í྆î྆å྆ ྆ï྆î྆ë྆î྆æ྆å྆í྆è྆å྆,྆ ྆ë྆è྆ê྆â྆è྆ä྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆ ྆è྆ ྆ï྆ë྆à྆ò྆å྆æ྆å྆ñ྆ï྆î྆ñ྆î྆á྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆,྆ ྆ô྆è྆í྆à྆í྆ñ྆î྆â྆à྆ÿ྆ ྆ó྆ñ྆ò྆î྆é྆÷྆è྆â྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆,྆ ྆ä྆å྆ë྆î྆â྆à྆ÿ྆ ྆à྆ê྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆,྆ ྆ï྆ð྆è྆á྆û྆ë྆ü྆ ྆è྆ ྆ð྆å྆í྆ò྆à྆á྆å྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆,྆ ྆ð྆û྆í྆î྆÷྆í྆à྆ÿ྆ ྆à྆ê྆ò྆è྆â྆í྆î྆ñ྆ò྆ü྆.྆ ྆Ï྆î྆ì྆è྆ì྆î྆ ྆ý྆ò྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆ó྆ã྆ë྆ó྆á྆ë྆å྆í྆í྆û྆é྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆ ྆ï྆ð྆å྆ä྆ï྆î྆ë྆à྆ã྆à྆å྆ò྆ ྆ï྆ð྆î྆â྆å྆ä྆å྆í྆è྆å྆ ྆ã྆î྆ð྆è྆ç྆î྆í྆ò྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆è྆ ྆â྆å྆ð྆ò྆è྆ê྆à྆ë྆ü྆í྆î྆ã྆î྆ ྆à྆í྆à྆ë྆è྆ç྆î྆â྆ ྆îò÷åòíûõ ôîðì.

Date: 2016-05-23; view: 341; Íàðóøåíèå àâòîðñêèõ ïðàâ; Ïîìîùü â íàïèñàíèè ðàáîòû --> ÑÞÄÀ...



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