Задания для выполнения контрольных работ студентами заочной формы обучения

Задание:

1. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

2. Ответьте на вопросы.

3. Выучите лексический минимум.

4. Определите и объясните грамматические формы в тексте, указанные преподавателем.

Тopic 1

Place where I live

First of all I want to tell you some words about the building where our flat is located. It is nine – storied apartment house in the south – west of the city. There is a park not far from my house. I live on the fourth floor in three – room flat. There is a living – room, two bedrooms, a bathroom, a large kitchen and a hall.

The living – room with a wall – size window facing the park is quite large. In this room there is a furniture unit, a TV – set, a video – recorder and a tape – recorder here. On the walls there are some pictures. A thick carpet covers the floor. We spend every evening in this room. We watch TV, listen to the music or discuss the problems of the day.

My bedrooms are rather large. There are two beds, a mirror on the wall, a wardrobe some book-shelves, two chairs and a table with a computer on it in my bedrooms.

Also I want to tell you about my kitchen and my bathroom.

Our kitchen is large. In the kitchen there is a gas stove, a fridge, a sink with two taps on it, a cupboard, a table and six stools there.

The bathroom is very cosy too. There is a bath, a washbasin with hot and cold water there. I often invite my friends to my flat. And everybody feels at home here.

I like my flat very much. There is no place like home.

Vocabulary

first of all прежде всего

to be located располагаться

nine – storied apartment девятиэтажный дом

to live on the fourth floor жить на четвертом этаже

three – room flat трехкомнатная квартира

hall прихожая

furniture unit мебельный гарнитур

to spend evening проводить вечер

to listen to the music слушать музыку

to discuss the problems обсуждать проблемы

a wardrobe платяной шкаф

book-shelves книжные полки

a gas stove газовая плита

a sink with two taps кран с холодной и горячей водой

cosy удобный

to invite my friends приглашать друзей

to feel at home чувствовать себя как дома

to like нравится

Questions

1. Where do you live?

2. What floor do you live on?

3. How many rooms are there in your flat?

4. What is there in the living room?

5. What is there in your bedroom?

6. Is the kitchen large or small?

7. Do you like your flat?

Topic 2

Kaliningrad

Kaliningrad was previously the East Prussian city of Königsberg. Founded in 1255 by the Teutonic Knights on the site of the Old Prussian settlement of Twangste (Tuwangste, Tvankste), the city was named in honor of the Bohemian King Ottokar II.

At the end of World War II in 1945, the city became part of the Soviet Union pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement (as part of the Russian SFSR) as agreed upon by the Allies at the Potsdam Conference

Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after the death of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR Mikhail Kalinin, one of the original Bolsheviks.

Kaliningrad is the only Russian Baltic Sea port that is ice-free all year round and hence plays an important role in maintenance of the Baltic Fleet.Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Kaliningrad Oblast became an exclave, geographically separated from the rest of Russia. This isolation from the rest of Russia became even more pronounced politically when Poland and Lithuania became members of NATO and subsequently the European Union in 2004. All military and civilian land links between the region and the rest of Russia have to pass through members of NATO and the EU. Special travel arrangements for the territory's inhabitants have been made through the Facilitated Transit Document (FTD) and Facilitated Rail Transit Document (FRTD).In July 2005, the 750-year jubilee of the city was widely celebrated.

Vocabulary

native town родной город

to be founded быть основанным

a beautiful town красивый город

to stand on the banks of the river располагаться на берегах реки

thousands of tourists Тысячи туристов

to visit посещать

historical places исторические места

symbol символ

a fast – growing быстрорастущий (быстроразвивающийся)

plant завод

a big cultural center большой культурный центр

technical college технический колледж

art galleries художественная галерея

Puppet Theatre кукольный театр

Philharmonic Society филармония

Drama Theatre драматический театр

Picture Gallery картинная галерея

to be proud гордиться

citizen гражданин

Questions

1. What is your native town?

2. When was your native town founded?

3. What is the symbol of your town?

4. Is Kaliningrad a fast – growing town?

5. Are there many parks, museums and theatres in it?

6. What places can you visit in your native town?

7. Are you proud to be the citizen of your native town?

Тopic 3

Russia

At 17,075,400 square kilometers, Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area; with 142 million people, it is the ninth largest by population. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 11 time zones and incorporating a great range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's greatest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's unfrozen fresh water.

According to the Constitution, which was adopted by national referendum on 12 December 1993 following the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, Russia is a federation and formally a semi-presidential republic, wherein the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. The Russian Federation is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of the Federal Assembly. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which serves as the country's supreme legal document and as a social contract for the people of the Russian Federation.

Russia has the world's largest natural gas reserves, the second largest coal reserves and the eighth largest oil reserves. It is the world's leading natural gas exporter and the second leading oil exporter. Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account for more than 80% of Russian exports abroad. Since 2003, however, exports of natural resources started decreasing in economic importance as the internal market strengthened considerably. Despite higher energy prices, oil and gas only contribute to 5.7% of Russia's GDP and the government predicts this will drop to 3.7% by 2011. Russia is also considered well ahead of most other resource-rich countries in its economic development, with a long tradition of education, science, and industry. The country has more higher education graduates than any other country in Europe.

Vocabulary

cover охватывать, накрывать

population население

environment окружающая среда

to be considered считаться к-л., ч.-л.

adopt принимать

head of state глава государства

democracy демократия

Executive power Исполнительная власть

Legislative power Законодательная власть

define определять, обозначать

coal reserves запасы угля

timber лесоматериалы

decrease уменьшаться, убывать

strengthen усиливать

despite несмотря на

contribute содействовать, способствовать

economic development экономическое развитие

graduate выпускник ВУЗа

Questions:

1. What territory does Russia occupy?

2. What is the population of Russia?

3. Russia is considered an energy superpower, isn’t it?

4. What is the political system in Russia?

5. How is the Russian Federation structured?

6. How is executive power exercised?

7. How is the government regulated?

8. What resources is the Russian Federation rich in?

9. Why did exports of natural resources start decreasing since 2003?

10. Russia has more higher education graduates than any other country in Europe, doesn’t it?

Тopic 4

Great Britain

Great Britain is the larger of the two main islands of the British Isles, the largest island in Europe and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is also the second richest island in the world (after Japan) with the world's 5th largest economy and 58 million people. It lies to the northwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland to the west, and makes up the largest part of the territory of the country known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets.

England, Scotland and Wales are mostly situated on the island, along with their capital cities, London, Edinburgh and Cardiff respectively. The earliest known name of Great Britain is Albion (Ἀλβίων) or insula Albionum, from either the Latin albus meaning white. The population of the United Kingdom is over 57 mln. The majority of the British population lives in cities and towns. The country is washed by the North and Irish Seas, the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel.

Great Britain is a highly developed industrial power. It possesses some mineral resources: coal, iron ores, oil, gas, and some metals. The country is known as one of the world largest producers and exporters of electronics and machinery, chemicals and textile, various aircraft and navigation equipment.

Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The official language of the state is English. The national symbol of the UK is “Union Jack” – the British state flag having 3 white and red crosses on the dark blue field. The weave of crosses symbolizes power and might.

Britain is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch – Queen Elizabeth 2 – as the head of the State. Queen’s power is limited by the Parliament. Parliament is the supreme legislative authority in Britain and the Prime Minister is the virtual ruler of the country.

Parliament comprises the House of Commons, the House of Lords and the Queen in her Constitutional role.

Government in Britain since 1945 has alternated between only 2 political parties, the Conservatives and the Labor party.

Vocabulary

to be surrounded быть окруженным

known as известный как

mostly по большей части, главным образом

respectively соответственно, в указанном порядке

the earliest known name самое раннее известное название

The Irish Sea Ирландское море

the English Channel Ла-Манш

To possess обладать, владеть

aircraft авиация

cross пересекать, переплавляться

might могущество, мощь

democracy демократия

the head of the State глава государства

to be limited быть ограниченным

the supreme legislative authority верховная законодательная власть

to comprise включать, заключать в себе

the House of Commons Палата общин

the House of Lords Палата Лордов

Questions

1.What is the official name of Great Britain?

2.Where is the United Kingdom situated?

3.What is the population of the Great Britain?

4.What are the seas and the oceans Great Britain is washed by? (What seas and oceans is Great Britain washed by?)

5.Great Britain is a highly developed country, isn’t it? What goods does it produce?

6.What is the national symbol of the UK? What does it symbolize?

7.What is the political system of Great Britain?

8.Is the power of the Queen limited by Parliament?

9.What does Parliament comprise?

10.What are the main political parties in Great Britain?

Тopic 5

The economy of the United Kingdom

The economy of the United Kingdom is the fifth largest in the world in terms of market exchange rates and the sixth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). It is the second largest economy in Europe after Germany's. Its GDP PPP per capita in 2007 is the 22nd highest in the world.

The United Kingdom is one of the world's most globalised countries. The capital, London, is the major financial centre of the world, in front of New York City, Hong Kong and Singapore according to a report compiled by the City of London.

The British economy is made up (in descending order of size) of the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK became a member state of the European Community, in 1973, and ratified the Maastricht Treaty making it a European Union state, at the inception of the EU in 1993.

In the 1980s, under the Government of Margaret Thatcher, most state-owned enterprises in the industrial and service sectors, which since the 1940s had been nationalized, were privatized. The British Government now owns very few industries or businesses - Royal Mail is one example.

The United Kingdom, according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2007 had the ninth highest level of GDP per capita in the European Union in terms of purchasing power parity, after Luxembourg, Ireland, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium and Finland. However, in common with the economies of other English-speaking countries, it has higher levels of income inequality than many European countries.

During August 2008 the IMF warned that the UK economic outlook had worsened due to a twin shock: financial turmoil as well as rising commodity prices. Both developments harm the UK more than most developed countries, as the UK obtains revenue from exporting financial services while recording deficits in finished goods and commodities, including food.

The UK has the world's third largest current account deficit, despite significant oil revenues. This is mainly the result of a large deficit in the trade in manufacture goods. During May 2008, the IMF advised the UK government to broaden the scope of fiscal policy to promote external balance.

Although the UK's "labour productivity per person employed" has been progressing well over the last two decades and has overtaken productivity in the united Germany, it lags around 20% behind France's level, where workers have a 35-hour working week. The UK's "labour productivity per hour worked" is currently on a par with the average for the "old" EU (15 countries).

The United Kingdom currently ranks 16th on the Human Development Index.

Vocabulary

Global глобальный, всеобщий

Report сообщение

Descend снижать, снижаться

Maastricht Treaty Соглашение Маастрихта

State-owned принадлежащий государству

Chronic weak growth хронически слабый рост

Few industries некоторые отрасли промышленности

Sustained длительный

Unemployment безработица

Remain relatively low остались относительно низкими

Monetary денежно-кредитный

Inequality неравенство

Outlook перспектива

Worsened ухудшенный

Rising повышение

Harm вред

Average Среднее число

Although хотя

privatised приватизированный

Questions:

1.What is GDP PPP of the United Kingdom per capita?

2.When did the UK become a member state of the European Community? When did it ratify the Maastricht Treaty?

3.Are there many state-owned enterprises in the industrial and service sectors of Great Britain?

4.What is the level of GDP of the UK per capita according to the International Monetary Fund?

5.Why did the UK economic outlook worsen in August 2008?

6.Why does the UK have the world's third largest current account deficit?

7.What is the UK's "labour productivity per person employed"

8.What is the current UK's "labour productivity per hour worked"?

Тopic 6

The United States of America

The United States of America is a constitutional federal republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to its east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait, and the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories, or insular areas, scattered around the Caribbean and Pacific.

At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km²) and with more than 300 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and third largest by land area and by population. The United States is one of the world's most ethnically diverse nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the largest national economy in the world. The nation was founded by thirteen colonies of Great Britain located along the Atlantic seaboard. On July 4, 1776, they jointly issued the Declaration of Independence, which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union.

The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio – engineering and others.

The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic. It is fundamentally structured as a representative democracy, though U.S. citizens residing in the territories are excluded from voting for federal officials. The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the United States Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document and as a social contract for the people of the United States. In the American federalist system, citizens are usually subject to three levels of government, federal, state, and local.

Vocabulary

Constitutional Конституционный

Contiguous прилегающий

Border граничить

Archipelago архипелаг

Possess обладать, владеть

Insular островная

Scattered разбросанные

Area площадь

Jointly совместно

Issue издавать

Proclaim провозглашать

Independence независимость

Develop развивать

Agricultural сельскохозяйственный

Aircraft авиация

Rocket ракета

Fundamentally основная

Supreme верховный

Questions

1.Where is the United States of America situated?

2.What countries does it border?

3.What is the territory of the US?

4.What is the population of the US?

5.Why is the USA called the “melting pot”?

6.How was the USA founded?

7.What are the main industrial branches of the US?

8.What is the political system of the USA?

9.How is the government regulated?

10.What are the three levels of government citizens are usually subject to?

Topic 7

Economy of the United States

National economic indicators

Unemployment

6.1%August 2008

GDP growth

1.9%2Q 2008 (2.2%)2007

CPI inflation

5.6%July 2007–July 2008

National debt

$9.646 trillionAugust 29, 2008

Poverty

12.5%2007

The United States has a capitalist mixed economy, which is fueled by abundant natural resources, a well-developed infrastructure, and high productivity. Ac-cording to the International Monetary Fund, the United States GDP of more than $13 trillion constitutes over 25.5% of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at purchasing power parity (PPP). The largest national GDP in the world, it was slightly less than the combined GDP of the European Union at PPP in 2006. The country ranks eighth in the world in nominal GDP per capita and fourth in GDP per capita at PPP. The United States is the largest importer of goods and third largest exporter, though exports per capita are relatively low. Canada, China, Mexico, Japan, and Germany are its top trading partners. The leading export commodity is electrical machinery, while vehicles constitute the leading import.

The private sector constitutes the bulk of the economy, with government activity accounting for 12.4% of GDP. The economy is postindustrial, with the service sector contributing 67.8% of GDP. The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade; by net income it is finance and insurance. The United States remains an industrial power, with chemical products the leading manufacturing field. The United States is the third largest producer of oil in the world, as well as its largest importer. It is the world's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy, as well as liquid natural gas, sulfur, phosphates, and salt. While agriculture accounts for just under 1% of GDP, the United States is the world's top producer of corn and soybeans. The country's leading cash crop is marijuana, despite federal laws making its cultivation and sale illegal. The New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest by dollar volume. Coca-Cola and McDonald's are the two most recognized brands in the world.

Vocabulary

abundant natural resources обильные природные ресурсы

International Monetary Fund Международный валютный фонд

GDP внутренний валовой продукт

purchasing power parity (PPP) покупательная сила валют

slightly less than намного меньше чем

rank занимать к-л. место

per capita на душу

importer импортер

relatively low относительно низкий

leading export commodity ведущий экспортный товар

vehicles транспортные средства

private sector частный сектор

postindustrial постиндустриальная

wholesale оптовая торговля

retail trade розничная продажа

nuclear energy ядерная энергия

sulfur сера

soybeans соя

Questions:

1.What type of economy does the United States have?

2.What is the United States GDP?

3.What are top trading partners of the USA?

4.What is the leading export commodity? What is the leading import commodity?

5.What constitutes the bulk of the economy?

6.Does the United States produce oil or import it?

7.What does the USA produce?

8.The United States is the world's top producer of corn and soybeans, isn’t it?

9.Is the cultivation and sale of marijuana legal in this country?

10.What are the two most recognized US brands in the world?

Тopic 8

Bank

A banker or bank is a financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money.

The first modern bank was founded in Italy in Genoa in 1406, its name was Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George).

Many other financial activities were added over time. For example banks are important players in financial markets and offer financial services such as investment funds.

Banks have influenced economies and politics for centuries. Historically, the primary purpose of a bank was to provide loans to trading companies. Banks provided funds to allow businesses to purchase inventory, and collected those funds back with interest when the goods were sold. For centuries, the banking industry only dealt with businesses, not consumers. Banking services have expanded to include services directed at individuals, and risks in these much smaller transactions are pooled.

Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts. Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as telegraphic transfer, EFTROS, and ATM.

Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current account, accepting term deposits and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current account, by making installment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending.

Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments. Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account.

Vocabulary

Banker банкир

Financial institution финансовое учреждение

Borrow заимствовать

Found основать

Add добавлять

Important players важные игроки

Services услуги

Investment funds инвестиционный фонд

Primary owners прямые владельцы

Non-financial нематериальные

Holding холдинг

Insurance services страховые услуги

Primary purpose первичная цель

Term deposits депозиты срока

Bonds облигации

Government правительство

Household хозяйство

Lender кредитор

Questions:

1.What is a bank?

2.When and where was the first modern bank founded? What was its name?

3.What was the primary purpose of a bank historically?

4.How do banks act?

5.How do banks borrow money?

6.How do banks lend money?

7.Why is a bank account considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments?

8.Why are non-banks that provide payment services not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account?

Тopic 9

Types of banks

Banks' activities can be divided into retail banking, dealing directly with individuals and small businesses; business banking, providing services to mid-market business; corporate banking, directed at large business entities; private banking, providing wealth management services to High Net Worth Individuals and families; and investment banking, relating to activities on the financial markets. Most banks are profit-making, private enterprises. However, some are owned by government, or are non-profits.

Central banks are normally government owned banks, often charged with quasi-regulatory responsibilities, e.g. supervising commercial banks, or controlling the cash interest rate. They generally provide liquidity to the banking system and act as Lender of last resort in event of a crisis.

The functions of banks include:

1) issue of money, in the form of banknotes and current accounts subject to cheque or payment at the customer's order. These claims on banks can act as money because they are negotiable and/or repayable on demand, and hence valued at par and effectively transferable by mere delivery in the case of banknotes, or by drawing a cheque, delivering it to the payee to bank or cash.

2) netting and settlement of payments -- banks act both as collection agent and paying agents for customers, and participate in inter-bank clearing and settlement systems to collect, present, be presented with, and pay payment instruments. This enables banks to economize on reserves held for settlement of payments, since inward and outward payments offset each other. It also enables payment flows between geographical areas to offset, reducing the cost of settling payments between geographical areas.

3) credit intermediation -- banks borrow and lend back-to-back on their own account as middle men

4) credit quality improvement -- banks lend money to ordinary commercial and personal borrowers (ordinary credit quality), but are high quality borrowers. The improvement comes from diversification of the bank's assets and the bank's own capital which provides a buffer to absorb losses without defaulting on its own obligations. However, since banknotes and deposits are generally unsecured, if the bank gets into difficulty and pledges assets as security to try to get the funding it needs to continue to operate, this puts the note holders and depositors in an economically subordinated position.

5) maturity transformation -- banks borrow more on demand debt and short term debt, but provide more long term loans. Bank can do this because they can aggregate issues (e.g. accepting deposits and issuing banknotes) and redemptions (e.g. withdrawals and redemptions of banknotes), maintain reserves of cash, invest in marketable securities that can be readily converted to cash if needed, and raise replacement funding as needed from various sources (e.g. wholesale cash markets and securities markets) because they have a high and more well known credit quality than most other borrowers.

Vocabulary

Banknotes банкноты

Current текущие

Account счет

Payment платеж

Claim требование

Negotiable проходимый

Transferable допускающий передачу

Deliver доставлять

Participate участвовать

Lend давать взаймы

Improvement улучшение

Diversification разнообразие

Assets активы

Absorb поглощать

Losses потери

Security гарантия, безопасность

Holder владелец

loan ссуда

Questions:

1.How can banks' activities be divided? What do they deal with? (Dwell on each item.)

2.What are quasi-regulatory responsibilities of central banks?

3.How do central banks act in event of a crisis?

4.What do the economic functions of banks include?

5.In what form do banks issue money?

6.What is netting and settlement of payments? (Dwell on netting and settlement of payments)

7.What is credit intermediation? (Dwell on credit intermediation)

8.What is credit quality improvement? (Dwell on credit quality improvement)

9.What is maturity transformation? (Dwell on maturity transformation)

Тopic 10

Contract

A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law. Contract law is based on the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda (pacts must be kept). Breach of contract is recognized by the law and remedies can be provided. Almost everyone enters into contracts every day. Sometimes written contracts are required, such as when buying a house. However, most contracts can be and are made orally, like buying a law textbook, or purchasing coffee at a shop. Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations (along with tort, unjust enrichment or restitution).

According to legal scholar Sir John William Salmond, a contract is "an agreement creating and defining the obligations between two or more parties".

The most important feature of a contract is that one party makes an offer for an arrangement that another accepts. This can be called a 'concurrence of wills' or 'ad idem' (meeting of the minds) of two or more parties. There must be evidence that the parties had each from an objective perspective engaged in conduct manifesting their assent, and a contract will be formed when the parties have met such a requirement. An objective perspective means that it is only necessary that somebody gives the impression of offering or accepting contractual terms in the eyes of a reasonable person, not that they actually did want to form a contract.

Contrary to common wisdom, an informal exchange of promises can still be binding and legally as valid as a written contract. A spoken contract should be called an oral contract, which might be considered a subset of verbal contracts. Any contract that uses words, spoken or written, is a verbal contract. Thus, all oral contracts and written contracts are verbal contracts. This is in contrast to a "non-verbal, non-oral contract," also known as "a contract implied by the acts of the parties", which can be either implied in fact or implied in law.

Vocabulary

exchange обмен

promise обещание

refrain воздерживаться

breach нарушение

remedy средство судебной защиты

habitual обычный

obligations обязательства

important feature важная особенность

offer предложение

arrangement соглашение, договоренность

evidence основание, очевидность

requirement требование, необходимое условие

wisdom мудрость

valid действительный, имеющий силу

consider рассматривать, обсуждать

imply значить, подразумевать

enforceable осуществимый, обеспечиваемый

thus так, таким образом

Questions:

1.What is a contract?

2.What Latin phrase is contract law based on?

3.Is breach of contract recognized by the law?

4.How can contracts be made?

5.How can contract law be classified?

6.What is a contract according to legal scholar Sir John William Salmond?

7.What is a 'concurrence of wills'?

8.What does an objective perspective mean?

9.Can an informal exchange of promises be binding and legally as valid as a written contract?

10.What is a verbal contract?

11.What is a "non-verbal, non-oral contract"?

Тopic 11

Management

Management in business and human organization activity, in simple terms means the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management comprises planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.

Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act(s) of management.

The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle — especially a horse), which in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later ménagement) influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Mary Parker Follett (1868–1933), who wrote on the topic in the early twentieth century, defined management as "the art of getting things done through people". One can also think of management functionally, as the action of measuring a quantity on a regular basis and of adjusting some initial plan; or as the actions taken to reach one's intended goal. This applies even in situations where planning does not take place. From this perspective, Frenchman Henri Fayol considers management to consist of five functions:

1) planning

2) organizing

3) leading

4) co-ordinating

5) controlling

Some people, however, find this definition, while useful, far too narrow. The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of defining management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices with the existence of a managerial cadre or class.

One habit of thought regards management as equivalent to "business administration" and thus excludes management in places outside commerce, as for example in charities and in the public sector. More realistically, however, every organization must manage its work, people, processes, technology, etc. in order to maximize its effectiveness. Nonetheless, many people refer to university departments which teach management as "business schools." Some institutions (such as the Harvard Business School) use that name while others (such as the Yale School of Management) employ the more inclusive term "management."

Speakers of English may also use the term "management" or "the management" as a collective word describing the managers of an organization, for example of a corporation. Historically this use of the term was often contrasted with the term "Labor" referring to those being managed.

Basic functions of management

Management operates through various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, leading/motivating and controlling.

• Planning: deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next 5 years, etc.) and generating plans for action.(What to do?)

• Organizing: (Implementation) making optimum use of the resources re-quired to enable the successful carrying out of plans.

• Staffing: Job Analyzing, recruitment, and hiring individual for appropriate job.

• Leading/Motivating: exhibiting skills in these areas for getting others to play an effective part in achieving plans.(To make individual work willingly in the organization)

• Controlling: monitoring -- checking progress against plans, which may need modification based on feedback.

Vocabulary

accomplish совершать, достигать, совершенствовать

goal цель, задача

encompass окружать, заключать

perform исполнять, выполнять

measuring измеряя

quantity количество

narrow узкий, тесный, подробный

existence существование, наличие

charity милосердие, благотворительность

refer направлять, обращаться

employ служба, работа по найму, нанимать

corporation корпорация, акционерное общество

various различный, разный

optimum наиболее благоприятные условия

recruitment набор, пополнение

staffing укомплектовывать штаты

skill искусство, мастерство

feedback обратная связь

Questions:

1.What is management?

2.What does management comprise?

3.What does resourcing encompass?

4.Where does the word “management” come from?

5.How did Mary Parker Follett define management?

6.What functions does management consist of according to Frenchman Henri Fayol?

7.What does the phrase "management is what managers do" mean?

8.Can the term “management” be used as equivalent to "business administration"?

9.How does management operate?

10.What is planning? (Dwell on this item.)

11.What is organizing? (Dwell on this item.)

12.What is staffing? (Dwell on this item.)

13.What is leading/motivating? (Dwell on this item.)

14.What is controlling? (Dwell on this item.)