Екзаменаційний білет № 2

ЕКЗАМЕНАЦІЙНИЙ БІЛЕТ № 1

1. The subject of theoretical grammar, its purpose.

2. Indirect speech acts.

3. Do the task from the card.

1. The subjectof English Theoretical Grammar refers to the study of the English Language grammar organization as a system parts of which are mutually connected with definite relations of different types of complexity (complication, complicacy).

The main taskof Theoretical Grammar is an adequate systematic (methodic) description of language facts and also their theoretical interpretation.

The difference between Practical and Theoretical Grammar refers to the following peculiarities:

1) Practical Grammar prescribes definite rules for the use of a language (gives instructions for the use of language data, teaches how to speak and write);

2) Theoretical Grammar analyzes language data, interprets that, expounds the data but does not give instructions as for the use of them.

1. For the following indirect speech acts, (i) name the type of the implicit speech act, (ii) write out the implicit speech act, and (iii) say what appropriateness condition on the implicit speech act the explicit speech act gives expression to.

ЕКЗАМЕНАЦІЙНИЙ БІЛЕТ № 2

1. The grammatical structure of the English language.

2. Speech Act Theory. Classifications of speech acts.

3. Do the task from the card.

1. Languages may be synthetic and analytical to their grammatical structure. In synthetic languages, such as German, Greek, Polish, Russian, Italian, Spanish, Finish, Turkish, Japanese, etc, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of inflections.

In analytical language (or isolating), such as English, the grammatical relations between words are expressed by means of form words and word order.

Analytical forms are mostly proper to verbs. An analytical verb-form consists of one or more form words, which have no lexical meaning and only express one or more of the grammatical categories of person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood and one notional word, generally infinitive or a participle: e.g. He has come, I am reading.

However, the structure of a language is never purely synthetic or purely analytical. Accordingly in the English language there are:

1. Endings:

-s in the third form singular in the Present Simple He speakS

-s in the plural of nouns GirlS

-s in the genitive case my brother’S book

-ed in the Past Simple worked

2. Inner flexion – man – men, speak – spoke

2. The synthetic forms of the Subjunctive Mood – were, be, have, etc.

A speech act is a minimal functional unit in human communication. Just as a word (refusal) is the smallest free form found in language and a morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning (-al in refuse-al makes it a noun ), the basic unit of communication is a speech act (the speech act of refusal).

1. Classification of Speech Acts
2. Based on Austin's (1962), and Searle's (1969) theory, Cohen (1996) identifies five categories of speech acts based on the functions assigned to them.