Reference Material

Unit 1

Text B

*Job liability: here the author refers to the so-called Professional liability insurance, which protects professional practitioners such as architects, builders, lawyers, physicians, and accountants against potential negligence claims made by their patients/clients. The primary reason for professional liability coverage is that a typical general liability insurance policy will only respond to a bodily injury, property damage, personal injury or advertising injury claim. The above mentioned professional services and products can cause claims without causing a bodily injury, property damage, personal injury or advertising injury. Common reasons alleged in making claims on these policies are negligence, misrepresentation, violation of good faith and fair dealing, and inaccurate advice.

*Bidding: to do the bidding in construction industry means “to offer to do work or provide services for a fixed price, in competition with other companies”

*Subcontracting: if a company subcontracts work, they pay other people to do part of their work for them. (“Consultants can give advice and then subcontract the actual engineering work to specialists”.)

* pros: short for “professionals”

Unit 3

Text C

*template -something that serves as a master or pattern from which other similar things can be made, something that establishes or serves as a patter.

Unit 5

Text A

*brainstorming: is a group creativity technique designed to generate a large number of ideas for the solution of a problem. The method was first popularized in the late 1930s by Alex Faickney Osborn in a book called “Applied Imagination”. Osborn proposed that groups could double their creative output with brainstorming.

Although brainstorming has become a popular group technique, researchers have not found evidence of its effectiveness for enhancing either quantity or quality of ideas generated. Although traditional brainstorming does not increase the productivity of groups, it may still provide benefits, such as boosting morale, enhancing work enjoyment, and improving team work. Thus, numerous attempts have been made to improve brainstorming or use more effective variations of the basic technique. [Brainstorming Tips: Focus on generating a high quantity of ideas. Don't judge ideas. Invite other people to add ideas.]

* mind-mapping: A mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged radially around a central key word or idea. Mind maps are used to generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas, and as an aid in study, organization, problem solving, decision making, and writing.

The elements of a given mind map are arranged intuitively according to the importance of the concepts, and are classified into groupings, branches, or areas, with the goal of representing semantic or other connections between portions of information. Mind maps may also aid recall of existing memories.

By presenting ideas in a radial, graphical, non-linear manner, mind maps encourage a brainstorming approach to planning and organizational tasks. Though the branches of a mind map represent hierarchical tree structures, their radial arrangement disrupts the prioritizing of concepts typically associated with hierarchies presented with more linear visual cues. This orientation towards brainstorming encourages users to enumerate and connect concepts without a tendency to begin within a particular conceptual framework.

The mind map can be contrasted with the similar idea of concept mapping. The former is based on radial hierarchies and tree structures denoting relationships with a central governing concept, whereas concept maps are based on connections between concepts in more diverse patterns.

Text C

* Huawei is a world-leading telecom solutions provider focused on building long-term partnerships with telecom operators. Its head office is based in Bantian, China.
It is a leader in providing next generation telecommunications networks, and now serves 36 of the world's top 50 operators, along with over one billion users worldwide. The company is committed to providing innovative and customized products, services and solutions to create long-term value and growth potential for its customers.

Huawei's products and solutions encompassing wireless products, core network products, applications and software, as well as terminals. Major products are designed based on Huawei's ASIC chipset and utilize shared platforms to provide quality and cost-effective products.

At the end of June 2008, Huawei has over 80 000employees, 43%of whom are dedicated to R&D. Huawei's global R&D centers are located in Silicon Valley and Dallas in USA, Stockholm in Sweden, Moscow in Russia and Bangalore in India in addition to those in Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Shenzhen, Hangzhou and Chengdu in China.

Unit 6

Text A

* Event management: the organizing of large events, such as conferences and concerts.

*Adobe Flash (previously called Macromedia Flash) is a multimedia platform created by Macromedia and currently developed and distributed by Adobe Systems. Since its introduction in 1996, Flash has become a popular method for adding animation and interactivity to web pages; Flash is commonly used to create animation, advertisements, and various web page components, to integrate video into web pages, and more recently, to develop rich Internet applications.

Flash can manipulate vector and raster graphics and supports bi-directional streaming of audio and video. It contains a scripting language called ActionScript. Several software products, systems, and devices are able to create or display Flash content, including Adobe Flash Player, which is available for most common web browsers, some mobile phones and other electronic devices (using Flash Lite). The Adobe Flash Professional multimedia authoring program is used to create content for the Adobe Engagement Platform, such as web applications, games and movies, and content for mobile phones and other embedded devices.

Exercise 3 (Observations at the Airport)

*Neuro-linguistics: it is the study of the neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language. As an interdisciplinary field, neuro-linguistics draws methododology and theory from fields such as neuroscience, linguistics, cognitive science, neurobiology, communication disorders, neuro-psychology, and computer science. Researchers are drawn to the field from a variety of backgrounds, bringing along a variety of experimental techniques as well as widely varying theoretical perspectives. Much work in neuro-linguistics is informed by models in psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics, and is focused on investigating how the brain can implement the processes that theoretical and psycholinguistics propose are necessary in producing and comprehending language.

Text B

*CV: The word "CV" is an abbreviation of "Curriculum Vitae" which itself means "Course of Life". A CV's primary use is as a job-seeking tool, a document sent to prospective employers to showcase the author's suitability for a certain role. As such the CV should not reflect ALL of one's personal lifetime experiences and achievements but instead the experiences and achievements most relevant to a particular Job Role or Career Path.

The presentation and content of a CV changes from country to country due to cultural differences. This article has been written for those interested in the UK market including those who are looking for work in the UK from abroad and British Citizens looking for work at home. Those interested in finding work in America should try the Resume Page for more information on the US culture of CV Preparation.

*Re – in correspondence, the abbreviation Re means ` Regarding`.

* Ltd. – the abbreviation stands for a “private company limited by shares”

It is a type of company incorporated under the laws of England and Wales, Scotland or that of certain Commonwealth countries and also the Republic of Ireland. It has shareholders with limited liability and its shares may not be offered to the general public, unlike those of public limited companies.

"Limited by shares" means that the company has shareholders, and that the liability of the shareholders to creditors of the company is limited to the capital originally invested, i.e. the nominal value of the shares and any premium paid in return for the issue of the shares by the company. A shareholder's personal assets are thereby protected in the event of the company's insolvency, but money invested in the company will be lost.

A limited company may be "private" or "public". A private limited company's disclosure requirements are lighter, but for this reason its shares may not be offered to the general public (and therefore cannot be traded on a public stock exchange). This is the major distinguishing feature between a private limited company and a public limited company. Most companies, particularly small companies, are private.

Private companies limited by shares are required to have the suffix "Limited" (often written "Ltd" or "Ltd.") or "Incorporated" ("Inc.") as part of their name, though the latter cannot be used in the UK or the Republic of Ireland. In the Republic of Ireland "Teoranta" ("Teo.") may be used instead, though this is limited mainly to Gaeltacht companies. "Cyfyngedig" ("Cyf.") may be used by Welsh companies in a similar fashion.

*viz. - as follows, namely, that is to say

*f.o.b. – the abbreviation stands for” Free On Board” (named loading port).

It is the classic maritime trade term, Free On Board: seller must load the goods on board the ship nominated by the buyer, cost and risk being divided at ship's rail. The seller must clear the goods for export. Maritime transport only.