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II. Read and translate the text consulting the vocabulary in case of difficulty





I. LOGOPEDICS AS A SCIENCE

Practise the pronunciation of the following words from the text.

Branch, pedagogy, hearing, science, behaviour, scientific basis, treating, issue, century, deaf-mutism, distinguish, mutism, province, therapeutic procedure, physician, health, tongue-tie, dyslexia, dysgraphia, alalia, aphasia, impairments, stammering.

Guess the meaning of the following international words. Consult a dictionary if necessary.

Pedagogy, basis, anomaly, mechanism, defects, correction, therapeutic procedure, motor, theoretical, modern, idea, structure, human, mental, lexical, grammatical, aspects, receptor activity, cognitive processes, emotional, linguistics, physiology, medicine, methods, special, specialist.

II. Read and translate the text consulting the vocabulary in case of difficulty.

Branch – отрасль, ветвь

Speech development – развитие речи

Nature – природа

Hearing – слух

Treating – лечение

Education – образование

Independent – независимый

Procedure – процедура

To carry out – выполнять, проводить

Physician – терапевт

To prevail until – преобладать до (какого-то времени)

The main concern of logopedics – главная забота логопедии

Scientific concepts – научные понятия

Theoretical research – теоретические исследования

Degree of prominence – степень выраженности

Mental health – умственное здоровье

Pronunciation – произношение

Deaf-mutism – глухо-немота

Dyslexia – дислексия

Dysgraphia – дисграфия

Alalia – алалия

Aphasia - афазия

Tongue-tie – косноязычие

Stammering - заикание

Assistance - помощь

Logopedics is a branch of pedagogy that studies anomalies of speech development in the presence of normal hearing; investigates the manifestations, nature, and mechanisms of impairment of speech; and develops a scientific basis for treating and preventing speech defects by special training and education.

The issue of correcting speech defects was raised for the first time in works on teaching the deaf written in the 17th century (when deaf-mutism had not yet been distinguished from mutism and other speech defects). In the second half of the 19th century, the study of speech defects in the presence of normal hearing became an independent field, but largely the province of medicine. Speech correction became a therapeutic procedure to be carried out by physicians and nurses.

The one-sided view that speech is an aggregation of specialized muscular movements prevailed until the late 1930’s. Speech defects were generally considered from the standpoint of developing symptomatic methods of overcoming the motor difficulties of articulation. These matters, together with respiratory correction, constituted the main concern of logopedics.

The emphasis of logopedics changed radically as scientific concepts and theoretical research on the nature of speech developed; the pedagogical aspect became primary. Modern logopedics is based on the idea that the structure of speech is complex and varied in its functions and ways of influencing human mental development.

Speech defects differ in manifestations, nature, degree of prominence, and effect on mental health and growth. Some defects affect pronunciation (for example, tongue-tie); others are manifested not only by pronunciation defects but also by difficulties in reading and writing (dyslexia, dysgraphia); still others involve the lexical and grammatical aspects of speech (for example, alalia and aphasia). In addition to impairments of the means of speech, there are also deviations in the development of speech behavior (resulting stammering).

Logopedic research is concerned not only with pronunciation defects, but also with the level of lexical and grammatical development, with the mastery of the sounds that make up words, and with written communication. It also studies the receptor activity, cognitive processes, and emotional and volitional aspects of speech.

Speech defects are studied and overcome with the help of information from other branches of knowledge, such as psychology, linguistics, physiology, and medicine. Speech disorders are treated by pedagogical methods. Special training and corrective education are used according to medical recommendations.

The direct goal of logopedics is to solve the problems of speech pathology. The results of research on anomalies of speech development contribute to expanding the concepts of general psychology and speech education. In Russia, logopedic assistance is offered in special and general public schools, preschool institutions, children’s polyclinics, and hospitals. Specialists in logopedics are trained in the speech pathology departments of pedagogical institutes. Research in logopedics is conducted at the Institute of Speech Pathology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, at pedagogical institutes, and at some medical research institutions.

4. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and phrases.

A branch of pedagogy, anomalies of speech development, mechanisms of impairment of speech, a scientific basis for treating and preventing speech defects, the issue of correcting speech defects, to be distinguished from, a therapeutic procedure, a one-sided view, the main concern of logopedics, the emphasis of logopedics, human mental development, degree of prominence, deviations in the development of speech behavior, to be concerned with, the receptor activity, cognitive processes, emotional and volitional aspects of speech, with the help of, according to medical recommendations, the direct goal of logopedics.

5.Give English equivalents of the following words and phrases.

Нормальный слух, самостоятельная область, педагогический аспект, способы воздействия на психическое развитие человека, степень выраженности и влияния на психическое здоровье и рост, дефекты произношения, проблемы овладения звуками, рецепторная активность, когнитивные процессы, корректирующее образование, патология речи.

6.Give as many words of the same root as possible.

Science, to develop, study, defect, special, symptom, behave, research, to differ.

 

7. Give synonyms to the following words.

To study, activity, behaviour, to be involved in smth., to be connected with, to focus on, to point out, to acquire, to attempt, the same, to achieve, to occur, to find, to be concerned with.

 

8.Give antonyms to the following words.

Mental, the same, scientific, impersonal, honest, possible, formal, own, new, a lot of, wide, serious.

 

9.Agree or disagree with the following statements.

· Logopedics studies anomalies of human behaviour.

· The issue of correcting speech defects was raised for the first time in the 19th century.

· Modern logopedics is based on the idea that the structure of speech is complex and varied in its functions and ways of influencing human mental development.

· Speech defects affect only pronunciation.

· The emphasis of logopedics changed a little.

10. Answer the following questions.

1. What does logopedics as a science study?

2. What other subjects is logopedics closely connected with?

3. What was the problem of correcting speech problems raised for the first time?

4. How did the emphasis of logopedics changed since that time?

5. What is logopedic research concerned with?

6. Are speech defects studied and overcome with the help of information from other branches of knowledge?

7. The direct goal of logopedics is to solve the problems of speech pathology, isn’t it?

 

11.Finish the following sentences.

· In the second half of the 19th century, the study of speech defects in the presence of normal hearing became…

· The one-sided view that speech is an aggregation of…

· Modern logopedics is based on the idea that…

· Speech defects differ in…

· The results of research on anomalies of speech development contribute to…

· Specialists in logopedics are trained in

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